Amandla avuselelekayo eSpain abone ukuguquguquka kokuvela kwawo, ngokunyuka kunye nokuhla kokusetyenziswa kunye nemveliso. Ngoku, amandla ahlaziyekayo ayodlula eminye imithombo, njengamandla enyukliya, iiplanti zomjikelo odityanisiweyo kunye namalahle, malunga nokuveliswa kombane. Ngokutsho kwe-Spanish Electricity Network (REE), kwi-2017 amandla avuselelekayo avelise i-33,7% yawo onke amandla asetyenzisiweyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga kwipanorama yamandla avuselelekayo eSpain, ukuba asebenza njani kwaye awona asetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku.
Amandla ahlaziyekayo eSpain
Nangona amandla avuselelekayo afumene umhlaba kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, i-17,4% yamandla asetyenziswa eSpain isavela kwizityalo zamandla okushisa amalahle, umthombo ongcolisa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, malunga neyure enye kwiikilowatt ezintathu ziveliswa ngokucocekileyo nangokuzimeleyo.
Awona mandla asetyenziswa kakhulu ahlaziyekayo aquka ilanga, umoya, ulwelo lwamanzi kunye nebhayomass. Amandla elanga kunye nomoya ngawona abonisa ukukhula okukhulu ngenxa yelanga elikhulu kunye nemithombo yomoya ekhoyo eSpain. Ngelixa i-hydropower ibe ngumthombo ozinzileyo wokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-biomass kuye kwandise ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiiprojekthi zokufudumeza ezifana nezitovu zepellet.
I-panorama yamandla aqhelekileyo kunye neendleko zabo eziphezulu
Imithombo yamandla eqhelekileyo, efana namalahle, igesi yendalo kunye nezixhobo zamandla obushushu benyukliya, ziyaqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo, kodwa ngeendleko ezinkulu ezinxulumene nokuxhomekeka kwangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, iSpain ingenisa ngaphezu kwe-50% ye-uranium yayo kumazwe afana neNamibia okanye i-Niger, kwaye isondele kwi-50% yegesi yendalo evela kumazwe afana ne-Algeria ne-Qatar.
Ukusilela kwamandla eSpain kuye kwanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva nje, ngenxa yokunyuka kokungeniswa kwezixhobo ezifana ne-oyile kunye negesi, okuye kwabiza ilizwe ngaphezu kwe-33 yezigidi ze-euro kumazwe angaphandle. ISpain ixhomekeke kakhulu kumaxabiso ngamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba sesichengeni kwezoqoqosho elizweni. Ngaphezu koko, kwi-2017 ukuthengiswa kwamandla kukhule nge-18%, ngelixa ukusilela kwamandla kwanda nge-30,4%, ukufikelela kwi-17 yezigidi ze-euro.
Le meko ixhalabisa ngokukodwa ngenxa yobuninzi bezibonelelo ezivuselelekayo eSpain ezingasetyenziswanga ngokwaneleyo.
ISpain yenza ntoni ngamandla avela kumazwe angaphandle?
Amandla avela kumazwe angaphandle ayimfuneko kungekuphela nje ekuveliseni umbane, kodwa nasekunikeni amandla iinqwelo ezijikeleza elizweni. ISpain ineenqwelo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-27 ezijikelezayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweoli ngundoqo ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ukongeza, la mandla asetyenziselwa iinkqubo zoshishino kunye neeofisi zomoya kunye namakhaya.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha leminyaka elishumi elinesithathu yokuthunyelwa kwamandla ngaphandle, ukwehla kwamandla kwaqala ngo-2016. Ngenxa yokumisa ukuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zihlupheke phantsi korhulumente waseMariano Rajoy, kwi-2017 iSpain yandisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwamandla nge-20% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo.
Ithuba lamandla ahlaziyekayo
Ngaphandle kokunyuka kokuxhomekeka kwamandla, iSpain iyaqhubeka nokuba lelinye lamazwe anamandla amakhulu okuphuhliswa kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo eYurophu. Ngomgangatho ophezulu wemitha yelanga kunye nemithombo yomoya, ilizwe likwimeko enelungelo lokusebenzisa la mandla acocekileyo.
I-33,7% yamandla asetyenzisiweyo ngo-2017 avela kumandla emveli kunye nawona angangcolisi. Ngokukodwa, amandla omoya agubungela i-19,8% yeemfuno zamandla zelizwe ngo-2018, ngelixa amandla ombane enze i-13,7%. La manani abeka iSpain njengenye yeenkokeli ekuveliseni amandla avuselelekayo eYurophu.
Umxube wamandla waseSpain
Umxube wamandla eSpain ngo-2018 ubonise umkhwa oncomekayo kumandla avuselelekayo, nangona ukuncipha kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Ngelixa amandla enyukliya asamele i-21,4% yokuveliswa kombane, izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zibhalise ukukhula olomeleleyo. Umoya kunye namandla elanga adlala indima ephambili, kunye nengxelo yomoya ephantse ibe yi-20% yemveliso epheleleyo ngo-2018.
Ukongeza, ezinye itekhnoloji ezifana ne-biomass kunye ne-solar thermal ziye zafumana ukubaluleka, nangona kuncinci. Ngapha koko, kwiminyaka ezayo iSpain kulindeleke ukuba inyuse kakhulu amandla ayo ahlaziyiweyo afakiweyo, ngaphezu kwe-8.000 yeemegawathi zamandla avuselelekayo kumbhobho wokusasazwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-2019, eya kunciphisa ngakumbi ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil.
Namhlanje, i-61,4% yawo onke amandla avela eSpain avela kwiiteknoloji ezingakhiphi i-carbon dioxide, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuqhubela phambili kwi-decarbonization yoqoqosho kunye nokuhlangabezana neenjongo zemozulu.
Ngempembelelo efanelekileyo, iSpain inefestile enkulu yamathuba okwandisa ukuzimela kwayo kwamandla kwaye ibe yibhentshi kutshintsho lwamandla eYurophu.