Utshintsho lwamandla ngomnye weyona miceli mngeni icinezelayo kwixesha lethu, kwaye uthelekiso phakathi kwamandla enyukliya kunye nemithombo ehlaziyekayo efana nelanga, umoya, kunye namandla ombane sele ingumxholo oshushu. Xa uhlalutya idatha yamva nje kunye neengxoxo ezilawula iingxoxo zoluntu nezenzululwazi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba umthombo ngamnye wamandla ubekwa njani ngokwexabiso, ukusebenza kakuhle, impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokubanakho kwexesha elizayo.
Eli nqaku liqokelela kwaye landise ulwazi oluvela kwezona zifundo zibalaseleyo, iingxelo, kunye neephothali ezikhethekileyo, zijolise kumxholo weSpanish kodwa ngedatha yehlabathi. Eli nqaku linika isishwankathelo esicacileyo nesexesheni sezinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo zamandla enyukliya xa zithelekiswa nezinto ezinokuhlaziyeka, ngeli lixa lidibanisa iinuances zobugcisa nezentlalo nezoqoqosho ezihlala zingaqatshelwa kuhlalutyo oluninzi.
Isishwankathelo sangoku sokwenziwa kombane eSpain nakwihlabathi liphela
Imithombo evuselelekayo inyuse kakhulu ubunzima bayo kumxube wamandla, kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ngokutsho kwedatha yamva nje evela kwi-Red Eléctrica de España (REE), imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ibalwa kwi-2024% yombane owenziwe kwilizwe ngexesha likaJanuwari 52,1, elilingana ne-12.200 GWh. Amandla omoya akhokele indlela nge 24,6%., ilandelwa yi-hydraulic (17,4%) kunye nelanga, leyo, nangona ipesenti yayo ingachazwanga, ifumene ukukhula kweemeteoric kwiminyaka yamuva. Amandla enyukliya, ngokwenxalenye yawo, abalelwa kwi-22% yobonelelo, esemva kweyona mithombo ingundoqo enokuhlaziywa idityanisiwe.
Olu tshintsho lobunkokeli kumhlaba wamandla Asiyonto nje yamabona-ndenzile. Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha, ukukhuphisana kweendleko, kunye nenkuthazo yolawulo inyuse amandla elanga nawomoya ngokukodwa, iwenza afikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye afikeleleke kubo bobabini abatyali-mali kunye nabathengi.
Sithetha ukuthini ngamandla avuselelekayo kwaye ahlelwa njani?
Amandla ahlaziyekayo ngalawo afunyanwa kwimithombo yendalo engapheliyo. okanye ngamandla okuhlaziya kwakhona kwixesha elifutshane. Phakathi kwezona zinto ziphambili ngamandla omoya, amandla elanga (i-photovoltaic kunye ne-thermal) kunye ne-hydraulic energy. I-Biomass kunye ne-geothermal energy igqibezela iqela, nangona ubunzima babo obuthile buphantsi kwimeko yeSpeyin neYurophu.
- Coca: Zivelisa inkunkuma encinci kwaye azikhuphi iigesi zegreenhouse kwimisebenzi yazo.
- Ayinakuphela: Zivela kwimithombo efana nelanga, umoya okanye amanzi, okuhamba kwawo kwendalo akupheli ngokusetyenziswa ngabantu.
- Umthonyama: Zisivumela ukuba sisebenzise ubuncwane obukhoyo kwintsimi nganye, sinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumazwe angaphandle.
- Akukho nkunkuma inobungozi: Ngokungafaniyo namandla enyukliya, azishiyi ngasemva izinto ezinetyhefu ezihlala ixesha elide okanye ezinemitha.
Ngokwahlukileyo, imithombo yesiqhelo (phakathi apho inyukliya ineempawu ezixubeneyo) ngokwembali ibiyi:
- Izingcolisi: Ingakumbi amafutha efosili, nangona amandla enyukliya ekhupha iCO2 encinci kakhulu ngexesha lokusebenza.
- NONE Ngokuxhomekeka kwimathiriyeli eluhlaza (i-uranium, igesi, amalahle, ioli).
- Abaxhomekeke kumazwe angaphandle: Ngokukodwa kwimeko yaseSpain, engenisa phantse yonke iuranium yayo ukuze ifumane amandla enyukliya.
- Abavelisi benkunkuma enobungozi: Kwimeko yenyukliya, inkunkuma eqhuma ngemitha efuna ulawulo lwamawaka eminyaka.
Yintoni eyenza amandla enyukliya ahluke?
Amandla enyukliya aveliswa kwi-fission (kunye nakwixesha elizayo, ukudityaniswa) kwe-atomic nuclei yezinto ezifana ne-uranium kunye ne-plutonium. Inzuzo yayo ephambili kukukwazi ukuvelisa amanani amakhulu ombane ngokuqhubekayo., ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwiimeko zemozulu kwaye ngaphandle kokukhupha i-CO2 ngexesha lomjikelezo wesizukulwana.
Amaziko amandla enyukliya akhoyo ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngexabiso elincinane lamafutha anokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenza kwayo kusoloko (ngaphandle kokuyeka zobugcisa), okunika uzinzo kwinkqubo yombane.
Nangona kunjalo, inyukliya Ijongene nemingeni efana nolawulo lwenkunkuma eqhuma ngemitha, iindleko eziphezulu zokwakha nezokuphelisa ugunyaziso, kunye nomngcipheko onokubakho weengozi ezinkulu. (iimeko zembali ezifana neChernobyl okanye iFukushima zihlala zikhona kwimemori edibeneyo kunye nemimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe). Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe kule miba, ungadibana impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yamandla enyukliya.
Uthelekiso lweendleko: Ngubani okhuphisana kakhulu namhlanje?
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kubatyali-zimali, oorhulumente kunye nabemi ixabiso elilinganayo lamandla (LCOE). Esi salathi-nkqubela silinganisa ixabiso elipheleleyo lokwakha kunye nokusebenza komzi-mveliso owahlulwe ngawo wonke umbane oza kuwuvelisa ngexesha lobomi bawo obuluncedo. Ikuvumela ukuba uthelekise itekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo ngokwemiqathango elinganayo.
Ngokweenkcukacha eziphuma kwiNgxelo yoBume boShishino lweNyukliya yeHlabathi (i-WNISR) kunye noMbutho weHlabathi weNyukliya (i-WNA), Iindleko ezisemgangathweni zamandla elanga zehle ngama-90% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kwaye ezo zamandla omoya zehle ngama-72%.. Amandla enyukliya, ngokwenxalenye yawo, anciphise iindleko zawo ngama-36% kuphela ukususela ngo-2009, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, anyukile ngenxa yeemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko kunye nobunzima beprojekthi. Ukuze ufumane uhlalutyo olunzulu, ungandwendwela iinzuzo kunye neengozi zamandla enyukliya.
- Amandla esola: $ 36 ngeyure megawatt nganye (MWh).
- Amandla omoya: $38 MWh nganye.
- Amandla enyukliya: $ 67 MWh nganye (phantse kabini leyo enkulu ehlaziyiweyo).
Ukuhlaziywa kunenzuzo ecacileyo, njengoko iindleko zabo ziqhubeka nokuwa ngokuthe ngcembe., ngelixa amandla enyukliya efuna utyalo-mali lokuqala oluphezulu kunye namaxesha okwakha amade (ngokomndilili, iminyaka esi-7 ukuya kwe-9).
Ixesha lokwakha kunye nembuyekezo kutyalo-mali
Amaziko ombane ahlaziyekayo anokwakhiwa ngamaxesha amafutshane kakhulu. kuneziko lamandla enyukliya. Umzekelo, ifama yomoya okanye yelanga inokusebenza kwisithuba seenyanga okanye iminyaka embalwa, ngelixa isityalo senyukliya sifuna iminyaka esi-7 ukuya kwe-9 ukwakha (kwezinye iimeko, ixesha elide). Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba ezi ndawo zisebenza njani, sicebisa Indlela isikhululo samandla enyukliya esisebenza ngayo.
Ngeli xesha, imali eyinkunzi etyaliweyo ihlala "ingasebenzi," nto leyo emele iindleko ezinkulu zamathuba. Ngaphandle koko, Ukungaqiniseki kulawulo kunye nobuchwepheshe kunokwenza ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezitsha kubize kakhulu., ngelixa izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zihlala zixhamla kwimimiselo ekhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwazo.
Umthamo wesizukulwana, ukufumaneka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Enye yeengxoxo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ezixhasa amandla enyukliya ligunya lawo umthamo wokubonelela rhoqo, evumela unikezelo lombane oluqhubekayo, nokuba injani imozulu okanye ixesha losuku. Ukuhlaziywa, kwelinye icala, kuxhomekeke kumandla omoya, kwimitha yelanga, okanye ukuhamba komlambo, okwenza imveliso yazo iguquguquke ngakumbi. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela iziko lamandla enyukliya elisebenza ngayo, ungandwendwela.
Nangona kunjalo, idatha yakutshanje ibonisa ukuba Umthamo ofakiweyo kunye nemveliso yonyaka yezinto ezihlaziyiweyo sele zigqithile kumandla enyukliya kumazwe amaninzi.. Umzekelo, amandla elanga aphakathi kwama-848 kunye nama-942 GW omthamo wehlabathi, ngelixa amandla omoya emalunga nama-823,5 GW (idatha ka-2021). Ngokusekwe kwimveliso yonyaka, amandla omoya enza i-1850 TWh kunye namandla elanga ayi-1032 TWh ngonyaka, nto leyo eyenza amandla omoya abe yinkokeli yehlabathi kwimveliso yombane ohlaziyekayo.
ESpain, umkhwa uphawuleka ngakumbi., kunye nesimbuku somoya namandla ombane aphantse aphinde kabini igalelo lamandla enyukliya kwiinyanga ezithile, ngokweenkcukacha ezisuka ku-2024.
Uhlahlelo loTyalo-mali: Yimalini kwaloo Euros ifanayo etyaliwe?
Izifundo ezithelekisayo, ezifana nezo ziqhutywa liSebe lobuNjineli boMbane kwiYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseValencia, zibonelela ngombono wokutyhila. Kuyo yonke i-4.000 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro etyaliwe, iplanti yamandla enyukliya e-1 GW inokuvelisa malunga ne-7.423 GWh ngonyaka. Isixa esifanayo esityalwe kumandla omoya (apho iindleko ze-GW nganye ezifakwe kwi-600 yezigidi ze-euro) zivumela ukufakwa kwe-6,666 GW ethi, nokuba isebenze iiyure ezingama-2.000 ngonyaka, ivelise i-13.333 GWh ngonyaka (179% ngaphezulu kwamandla). Ukuqonda ngcono amandla otyalo-mali kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo, bona.
Kwimeko ye-solar photovoltaic energy, okwangoku ixabisa malunga ne-€ 1.200 yezigidigidi nge-GW nganye efakiweyo, i-4.000 yezigidigidi efanayo iya kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwesityalo se-3,333 GW, esikwazi ukuvelisa malunga ne-5.333 GWh ngonyaka kwindawo ephakathi njenge-Alicante. Kwimimandla enemitha ephezulu, eli nani liyanda kakhulu. Ugcino kunye neendleko zepetroli zezityalo zesola nazo phantse zibero xa kuthelekiswa nezityalo zenyukliya..
Olu hlalutyo lubonisa ukuba Utyalo-mali kumandla omoya kunye nelanga lusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi ngokwembono yezoqoqosho namandla., ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo iingxaki zolawulo lwenkunkuma kunye neengozi ezinxulumene namandla enyukliya.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo zamandla enyukliya xa kuthelekiswa namandla ahlaziyekayo
Iinzuzo eziphambili zamandla enyukliya
- Uxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu: Inokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane kwindawo encinci ebonakalayo, ilungele amazwe anemida yommandla.
- Umbane othe rhoqo: Imveliso yayo izimele kwiimeko zemozulu, iqinisekisa ukubonelela okuzinzile kunye nokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili.
- Ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG ephantsi: Phantse zero ngexesha lokusebenza, isitshixo kwiimeko decarbonization.
- Uguqulo olusebenzayo: Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwinguqu yamafutha kumbane.
Izinto ezingeloncedo eziphambili kumandla enyukliya
- Ulawulo lwenkunkuma ngemitha: Ivelisa inkunkuma eyingozi ekufuneka igcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo kangangamawaka eminyaka, ngokungaqiniseki kwezobuchwepheshe nezentlalo. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, jongana Imitha yenyukliya.
- Iindleko zokuqala kunye nokugcinwa okuphezulu: Ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokuphelisa ugunyaziso kubandakanya iindleko eziphezulu kunye namaxesha okuhlawula amade.
- Umngcipheko weengozi ezimandundu: Nangona amathuba eengozi ephantsi, aneziphumo ezibi, njengoko kubonisiwe ngamatyala embali aseChernobyl naseFukushima.
- Ukuxhomekeka kwimathiriyeli evela kumazwe angaphandle: Ngokomzekelo, iSpeyin ithenga kumazwe angaphandle uninzi lwe<em>uranium efunekayo kwimizi-mveliso yayo yamandla.
- Iingxaki zokwanda: Itekhnoloji yeNyukliya kunye nemathiriyeli inokujikwa ngeenjongo zomkhosi, ukongeza kwinkxalabo ye-geopolitical.
Izinto eziluncedo kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo kumandla enyukliya
- Ukuncipha kweendleko kunye nokhuphiswano olukhulu: Amandla elanga nawomoya acuthe kakhulu iindleko zawo kwaye ngoku anengeniso engaphezulu kumandla enyukliya kwizityalo ezitsha.
- Iimpembelelo ezisezantsi zokusingqongileyo nezentlalo: Abavelisi nkunkuma eyingozi okanye ingozi yeengozi ezinkulu.
- Ubulula kunye nesantya sokuthunyelwa: Bavumela ukwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo ngexesha elifutshane.
- Ukuzimela kunye nokuxhomekeka okuncinci kwangaphandle: ISpain, umzekelo, inokuxhaphaza ubutyebi bayo bendalo (ilanga nomoya) ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Indima ye-hydraulics kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo
I-Hydropower, nangona ukukhula kwayo kulinganiselwe kubukho bemithombo yamanzi, ihlala isisiseko kwinkqubo yombane yaseSpain, evumela ukuba ubuninzi bamandla bugcinwe kunye nokulawula igridi. Kwiinyanga ezinemvula ngakumbi, igalelo layo linokugqithisa i-17% yemveliso epheleleyo, njengoko kwakunjalo ngoJanuwari 2024..
Amandla ahlaziyekayo xa ewonke, ebulela ukuhambelana kobuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo kunye nenkqubela phambili kwizisombululo zokugcina (ibhetri, i-hydropomped hydro), ziya zikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo noluzinzileyo lwemfuno yombane.
Amanqaku abalulekileyo kunye nemingeni yexesha elizayo
Ngaphandle kwamandla okuhlaziya, kusekho imingeni: ukuguquguquka kwamandla elanga kunye nomoya ifuna ugcino oluphambili, uqhagamshelo kunye neenkqubo zokugcina. Ukuphuculwa kwegridi yombane kunye nohlengahlengiso lolawulo lukhapha inkqubo.
Ngokwecala lawo, amandla enyukliya ajongene noxinzelelo oluvela kuluntu, ukunyuka kweendleko kunye ne unxunguphalo lwemozulu efuna izisombululo ezikhawulezayo nezinokwaleka ukutshabalalisa uqoqosho. Nangona ezinye iingcaphephe zikhusela ukuba luncedo kwazo njengenxalenye yomxube wenguqu, imeko yehlabathi ikhomba ekwandeni okukhawulezileyo kwezinto ezivuselelekayo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye namandla azo okunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo evela kumazwe angaphandle nengcolisekileyo. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga namandla enyukliya, bona.
Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha, iindleko eziwayo, kunye nokunyuka kokudityaniswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kuthetha ukuba, ngokwezinto eziphathekayo, ikamva lenkqubo yombane yehlabathi likhomba ngokucacileyo kwizisombululo ezizinzileyo, ezisebenzayo, kunye nezemveli, ezishiya ngasemva ukuxhomekeka kubuchwephesha obunomngcipheko ophezulu kunye neendleko.
