amandla olwandle Yenye yezona ndlela zincinci zisetyenziswayo zamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, iilwandle neelwandle zinamandla amakhulu kangangokuba, ukuba zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, zinokuhlangabezana nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfuno yombane yehlabathi. Olu hlobo lwamandla lunemithombo emininzi, enjengamaza, amaza olwandle, imisinga yolwandle, ukuthambeka kwe-thermal kunye ne-saline gradients. Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, uphuhliso lwayo luye lwacotha ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu kunye nemingeni yezobuchwepheshe ehambelana nayo.
Iindidi zamandla olwandle
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokusebenzisa i amandla olwandle, nganye inetekhnoloji kunye nemingeni yayo. Apha sichaza iinkcukacha eziphambili:
Amandla amaza
Kwaziwa njenge amandla amaza, olu hlobo lwamandla olwandle lufumaneka ngokuthatha ithuba lokuhamba kwamaza phezu kolwandle. Amaza aveliswa yintshukumo yomoya emanzini, kwaye ekubeni umoya uveliswa yimitha yelanga, sinokuwathatha amandla amaza njengokuphuma kumandla elanga.
Amaza aqulethe inani elikhulu lamandla e-kinetic ngenxa yentshukumo yawo ye-oscillatory. Eminye imimandla yesijikelezi-langa, ngakumbi leyo inemimoya engatshintshiyo, inamandla amakhulu okuwasebenzisa ngolu hlobo lwamandla. Umzekelo, kwimimandla yoLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki eMantla, amandla aqulethwe kumaza anokufikelela kwi-70 MW kwikhilomitha nganye yesikwere.
Kukho iitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zokubamba amandla amaza. Izixhobo ezifana iintsika zamanzi ezijikelezayo, i abancedisi okanye iiterminators ezidadayo. Ezi ndlela ziguqula intshukumo yamaza abe ngamandla aluncedo ngokusebenzisa iiinjini zomoya okanye iinkqubo zamanzi.
Amandla eTidal
La Amandla olwandle Iveliswa ngokuthatha ithuba lokunyuka nokuhla komgangatho wamanzi oveliswa ngamaza, abangelwa ngumtsalane welanga kunye nenyanga elwandle. Le nto, eyenzeka ngendlela eqikelelwayo, yenza amandla olwandle abe ngumthombo othembekileyo.
Iinkqubo eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukubamba amandla olwandle ziquka iidikhi zokwakha okanye amadama kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni apho inqanaba lamanzi litshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngamaza. Xa uvula amasango ezikhukula, amanzi adlula kwiiinjini zomoya, ezivelisa umbane.
Umzekelo ophawulekayo wokusetyenziswa kobu buchwepheshe sisiziko samandla samanzi eLa Rance eFransi, esinomthamo wama-240 MW.
Amandla avela kwimisinga yolwandle
Las Imisinga yolwandle Ziintshukumo zobuninzi bamanzi ezenzeka elwandle ngenxa yentshukumo yomoya kunye nezinye izinto ze-geophysical. Ukuthatha ithuba lamandla e-kinetic yale misinga, iiinjini zomoya eziphantsi kwamanzi zisetyenziswa, kodwa zilungelelaniswe kwimekobume yasemanzini.
Owona mceli mngeni uphambili kuphuhliso lobu buchwepheshe kukungalawuleki kwisantya semisinga yolwandle, kunye nobunzima bobugcisa nezoqoqosho bokufaka nokugcina iiinjini zomoya emgangathweni wolwandle.
Imitha ye-Thermal
La amandla emitha ye-thermal Isekelwe ekuthatheni inzuzo yomahluko wobushushu phakathi kwamanzi angaphezulu, afudunyezwa yimitha yelanga, kunye namanzi anzulu, ahlala ebanda. Esi siganeko senzeka kwimimandla yetropikhi okanye ye-ikhweyitha, apho ukuthambeka kwe-thermal phakathi komphezulu nobunzulu bolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu unyaka wonke.
Ukuguqula la mandla abe ngumbane, iinkqubo ezisebenza ngokulandela umjikelo we-thermodynamic (ngokuqhelekileyo umjikelo we-Rankine) zisetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo yezi zityalo isalinganiselwe ngenxa yeenkqubo ezinzima kunye neendleko eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwazo.
Iigradients zetyuwa
La amandla e-saline gradientst amandla aluhlaza, ifunyanwa ngokuthatha inzuzo yomahluko wokuxinana kwetyuwa phakathi kwamanzi olwandle namanzi omlambo amatsha. La mandla abanjwa ikakhulu nge-osmosis ebuyela umva okanye iinkqubo ze-electrodialysis.
Ngoku, obu buchwepheshe bukwinqanaba lovavanyo, kunye neeprojekthi zolingo ezifana neso sase-Statkraft eNorway, esasungula iziko lokuqala lehlabathi le-osmosis e-Oslo Fjord.
Ungawasebenzisa njani la mandla
Ukusebenzisa amandla olwandle kuhlala kulucelomngeni, kodwa amandla awo makhulu kakhulu. I amandla amaza Yeyona nkqubela phambili kakhulu malunga nophando kunye nophuhliso, kunye neeprojekthi zobuvulindlela kwiindawo ezifana ne-United Kingdom nePortugal. Nangona kunjalo, i Amandla olwandle, nangona impembelelo yayo yendawo, isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiindawo ezifana neLa Rance, nangona ingazange iphindwe ngokubanzi ngenxa yempembelelo yayo ephezulu yokusingqongileyo.
Las Imisinga yolwandle, nangona zithembisa, zijongene nengxaki yezithuthi zaselwandle kwezinye iindawo ezinomdla kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iteknoloji iphuhlisiwe ukuze kufakwe iiinjini zomoya kwiindawo ezinzulu ngokwaneleyo, le ntsilelo inokuncitshiswa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-thermal kunye ne-saline gradients kusekho kwisigaba sokulinga, kwaye akukho nzuzo okwangoku. Nangona oku akuthethi ukuba obu buchwepheshe bungenakamva, ekubeni utyalo-mali kuphando nophuhliso luyaqhubeka.
Amandla olwandle anokubakho kwixesha elizayo
Uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe baselwandle luye lwacotha kuneminye imithombo evuselelekayo efana nomoya okanye amandla elanga, kodwa amandla abo ayabonakala. Ngokwe-International Energy Agency, ngo-2050, amandla olwandle kulindeleke ukuba afake isandla kwi-10% yokuveliswa kombane eYurophu, nto leyo ebonisa i-horizon ethembisayo.
Ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha, kunye nokwanda kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, kuqhuba iiprojekthi ezininzi zokulinga kwihlabathi jikelele. Imimandla efana neSkotlani, iSpain kunye neNorway ihamba phambili kule ndawo, ngeeprojekthi ezijolise kumaza kunye namandla olwandle.
KwiLatin America, amazwe afana neChile, iBrazil kunye neMexico sele eqalisile ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zawo zamandla olwandle, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba umdla kobu buchwepheshe buqala ukuhamba kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngenkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye nenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo, amandla olwandle kunokwenzeka ukuba abe yinxalenye yomxube wamandla ehlabathi kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. La mandla akakwazi ukuhlaziya kwaye akapheli kuphela, kodwa akwanayo iimpembelelo eziphantsi kwendalo kwaye inokuvelisa amawaka emisebenzi kushishino lwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Njengoko ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokwehliswa kweendleko kuqhubeleka, amandla olwandle aya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinguqulelo ukuya kwikamva lamandla acocekileyo nelizinzileyo.