Amaza olwandle akalulo uncedo kuphela kubatshutshisi, kodwa anokuba ngumthombo onamandla wamandla acocekileyo. La mandla, aziwa ngokuba amandla amaza, iveliswa ngokuthatha ithuba lokuhamba kwamaza ukuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo. Nangona iselukhetho olunexabiso eliphezulu kunye neeprojekthi zorhwebo ezimbalwa ezinkulu, amandla ayo makhulu kakhulu, ingakumbi kwimimandla eselunxwemeni enamaza angatshintshiyo. Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusenomda, kodwa uphando olutsha kunye nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe ibeka amandla amaza njengenye indlela ephambili kumxube wamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Yintoni amandla amaza?
Amandla amaza, eyaziwa ngokuba amandla amaza, yiyo amandla avuselelwe ethatha ithuba lokuhamba kwamaza olwandle ukwenza umbane. Oku kuguqulwa kwamandla e-kinetic wamaza abe ngamandla ombane kwenziwa kusetyenziswa ubugcisa obahlukeneyo, obunye sele bukwisigaba sovavanyo okanye sorhwebo. Igama elithi "wave" livela kwisiLatini elithi "unda", elithetha i-wave okanye i-pulse, kunye ne "motus", ebhekisela kwintshukumo. Yenye yeendlela ezininzi esinokusebenzisa ngazo inzuzo engapheliyo amandla olwandle ukwenza amandla ahlaziyekayo ngaphandle kokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo Iigesi ezingcolisayo njengeegesi zegreenhouse.
Asebenza njani amandla amaza
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa amandla amaza, kodwa, ngokubanzi, inkqubo ibandakanya ukubamba amandla e-kinetic wentshukumo yamaza kwaye uyiguqule usebenzisa izixhobo eziqhuba iijenereyitha zombane.
Itekhnoloji ekuphuhlisweni
Namhlanje, zikho itekhnoloji ezintathu eziphambili ukuvelisa umbane ukusuka kwintshukumo yamaza:
- Iibhoyi: Enye yezona teknoloji zisetyenziswa kakhulu yinkqubo ye-buoy edadayo. Ezi bhoyi zinyuka kwaye ziwe kunye namaza, zivelisa amandla nge intshukumo ethe nkqo eqhuba iipiston eziqhagamshelwe kwiijenereyitha zombane. ESpeyin, sele kukho iiprojekthi zobu buchwepheshe, ezifana nephuhliswe ngu Iberdrola eCantabria.
- Uluhlu lwamanzi olujikelezayo: Le teknoloji iqulethe isakhiwo esingaphantsi kwamanzi esisebenza ngomgaqo woxinzelelo lomoya. Xa amanzi enyuka kwikholomu, umoya unyanzeliswa ukuba udlule kwi-injini yomoya eyenza amandla. Xa amanzi esihla, umoya uqukuqela kwakhona, ujike i-injini yomoya kwakhona. Le nkqubo iphunyezwa kwiplanti Mutriku, Ilizwe laseBasque.
- Iziguquli zamandla amaza: Ezi zixhobo zibamba amandla amaza kwaye ziwaguqulele ekubeni yintshukumo yoomatshini ethi emva koko iguqulwe ibe ngumbane. Ezinye iiprojekthi zovavanyo ziyaqhubeka eUnited States naseChile, naseYurophu.
Nganye kwezi teknoloji ineengenelo kunye nemida yayo, kodwa zonke zikhomba imveliso yombane ezinzileyo ukusuka kumthombo oqikelelwayo kakhulu: amaza olwandle.
Iiprojekthi zamandla amaza eSpain
ESpain, amandla amaza anamandla amakhulu ezinokwenzeka ngenxa yonxweme olungaphezulu kwama-8.000 eekhilomitha. Nangona uphuhliso lwezorhwebo lwamandla amaza lusekwinqanaba lokuqala, iiprojekthi ezininzi zolingo ziye zavela zifuna ukuphonononga lo mthombo uhlaziyekayo.
Isityalo saseCantabria
Enye yeeprojekthi eziphambili kwintsimi yaseSpain yileyo iphuhliswe yi-Iberdrola kunxweme lwe Cantabria. Baye bahlala khona Iibhoyi ezili-10 kubunzulu beemitha ezingama-40 nakwimigama ephakathi kwe-1,5 kunye ne-3 yeekhilomitha ukusuka elunxwemeni. Ezi buoys, kunye namandla I-1,5 MW nganye ivelisa umbane ngokushukuma okuthe nkqo kwamaza, iintambo ezijijayo nezingaphumliyo eziqhagamshelwe kwiijenereyitha. Le projekthi ibalasele kungekuphela nje kwitekhnoloji entsha, kodwa nakwiyo iimpembelelo eziphantsi kwendalo kunye nokuqina kwayo.
Mutriku: isityalo esinguvulindlela
Ifumaneka kwiLizwe laseBasque, isityalo Mutriku Sesinye sezixhobo zokuqala zamandla amaza eSpain nakwihlabathi. Isebenzisa iteknoloji yekholomu yamanzi e-oscillating echazwe ngasentla, kwaye ibe yiprojekthi ephambili kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwale teknoloji. Ukongeza, ifezekise imida ebalulekileyo, njengokuvelisa ngaphezu kwesinye iyure yegigawatt ukusukela oko yasungulwa ngo-2011.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zamandla amaza
Amandla amaza abonisa uthotho lwe ezintle eziyenza ibenomtsalane, kodwa ikwajongene nemingeni ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ijongiwe ukuze iphunyezwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.
Inzuzo
- Ubutyebi obungenakuphela: Ngokungafaniyo neefosili, amaza olwandle ahlala eshukuma, eqinisekisa umthombo ongatshiyo wamandla.
- Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ephantsi: Njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo, amandla amaza awakhuphi iigesi zegreenhouse okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya.
- Uqikelelo: Amaza olwandle kunye nemisinga yolwandle ziziganeko ezinokuqikelelwa kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukucwangcisa ukuveliswa kwamandla.
Iingxaki
- iindleko eziphezulu: Ubuchwephesha be-Wave abukaphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo, okwenza iindleko zabo zokufakela kunye nokugcinwa kwazo ziphezulu.
- Ukuchasana neemeko ezinzima: Izakhiwo ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa amaza agqithisileyo kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezimbi.
Ikamva lamandla amaza
Ubunakho bamandla amaza bukhulu kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwe-Arhente yaMandla aVuselelwayo aMazwe ngaMazwe (IRENA), obu buchwepheshe bunokuvelisa ngeenxa zonke 29.500 TWh ngonyaka, isixa esaneleyo ukwanelisa imfuneko yamandla yehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, le njongo yamabhongo ijongene nemingeni emininzi yetekhnoloji neyemali ekuya kufuneka yoyiswe.
amazwe amaninzi, kuquka ESpeyin, ePortugal, eSkotlani y Chile, sele betyala imali kumandla olwandle kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha obunokwenza uxhatshazo lwabo olukhulu lube nokwenzeka. Iprojekthi EuropeWave, umfelandawonye phakathi kweSpain neSkotlani, ifuna ukonyusa amandla amaza ngokuxhasa ngezimali izixhobo zovavanyo kunye nokudala imarike evumela obu buchwepheshe ukuba buguquke ngokukhawuleza.
Ikamva apho amandla amaza inokuba ngomnye wemithombo ephambili yamandla ahlaziyekayo anokwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe obungcono kunye neemodeli zoqoqosho ezivumela la mandla ukuba afikelele kwimarike yehlabathi.