Qinisekisa ukuba yeyiphi Isikhululo seenqwelomoya esikhulu emhlabeni Inokuba nzima, kuba oku kuxhomekeke kwiikhrayitheriya esiziqwalaselayo. Ezinye zezi zinto ziquka indawo epheleleyo yesikhululo seenqwelomoya, ukuhamba kwemihla ngemihla kwabakhweli, umgangatho weenkonzo, ukufika ngexesha kweenqwelomoya kunye nobuhle bokuyilwa kwendawo. Isikhululo seenqwelomoya esikhulu ngasinye sibonelela ngeziseko ezingundoqo zodidi lokuqala ukwenza ukuhlala kwabakhweli kube mnandi ngakumbi, kuncitshiswe ukuphazamiseka okuqhelekileyo kokulinda ukukhwela okanye ibango lempahla.
Ezinye izikhululo zeenqwelo moya ziye zaba ngumtsalane wabakhenkethi ngokwazo, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, uyilo kunye nobuchwephesha bokusika. Ekubeni zinemilinganiselo encomekayo ngolo hlobo, ezininzi ziye zaba zikhulu kunezixeko ezininzi. Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu emhlabeni, malunga nommandla ongaphezulu kunye nokugcwala kwabakhweli.
Esona sikhululo seenqwelomoya sikhulu emhlabeni ngobukhulu
El Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseKing Fahd (KFIA), eDammam, eSaudi Arabia, yeyona inkulu ngokwendawo. Esi sikhululo seenqwelomoya sithatha indawo yeekhilomitha ezingama-780.000, nto leyo esenza ukuba ibe sesona sikhulu emhlabeni. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngo-1976 njengembeko kuKumkani uFahd, kwaye ngexesha leMfazwe yeGulf ngo-1990, yasebenza njengendawo yokuhlala yeenqwelomoya zomkhosi.
Itheminali yavulelwa iinqwelomoya zorhwebo ngo-1999, yaba yintsika ebalulekileyo kuphapho kulo mmandla. Okwangoku, isikhululo seenqwelomoya sifumana abakhweli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 ngonyaka, eziqhutywa yi-66 yelizwe kunye ne-44 yeenqwelomoya zamazwe ngamazwe.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya yimosque ebekwe kwindawo yayo yokupaka, ebonelela ngendawo yokuhlangana yokomoya phakathi kweziseko zayo ezimangalisayo. Ukususela ekuvulweni kwayo, isikhululo seenqwelomoya siye saqhubeka sikhula kwaye siphucula iinkonzo zayo kunye nonxibelelwano.
Beijing Daxing International Airport, China
El Beijing Daxing International Airport Yenye yamva nje yokungena kuluhlu lwezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu emhlabeni. Le ngxilimbela yaseTshayina yasungulwa ngo-2019, ithatha indawo ye-700.000 yeemitha ezikwere (elingana namabala ebhola angama-98). Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saziwa ngoyilo lwaso lwexesha elizayo kunye neendleko zokwakha, ezifikelela kwi-234 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Nangona ngoku ingeyiyo enye yezona zixakeke kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kumthamo wayo uphezulu ngo-2040, xa inokwamkela abakhweli abazizigidi ezili-100 ngonyaka. Esi sikhululo seenqwelomoya silungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yeenqwelomoya zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezasekhaya e-China, ngakumbi ngoqhagamshelwano lwaso oluthe ngqo kuloliwe okhawulezayo.
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDenver, eUnited States
Ikwindawo yesithathu phakathi kwezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu. Yena Isikhululo senqwelomoya saseDenver Ithatha indawo ye-135,7 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye inomnye weendlela ezinde kakhulu e-United States, ezilinganisa i-4.877 yeemitha.
Yaziwa iminyaka emithandathu ilandelelana njengesona sikhululo seenqwelomoya sibalaseleyo elizweni, iDenver ikwajongana nokugcwala kweenqwelo moya, isamkela abakhweli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-69 ngonyaka. Ukongezwa kule nto ukudibanisa kwayo kunye neenqwelo-moya ezinkulu kunye neendlela ezenza ukuba ibe yinto ephambili yeenqwelo-moya zorhwebo eNyakatho Melika.
Izikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezinkulu eMelika
I-United States ilikhaya kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezininzi zehlabathi ngokwendawo. Ezinye zazo zibonakaliswe ngezantsi:
- El Dallas/Fort Worth Airport International Ithatha malunga ne-69,63 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye ifumana abakhweli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-75 ngonyaka. Liziko elibalulekileyo kwiinqwelomoya zelizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe.
- El Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseOrlando Inommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-53,83 zeekhilomitha kwaye iphakathi kweyona inkulu ngobukhulu bayo e-US.
- El Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseWashington Dulles, kwi-48,56 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, sesinye sezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu kwi-US East Coast.
- El George Bush Intercontinental Airport eHouston ithatha indawo ye-44,51 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha kwaye ibalulekile kunxibelelwano neLatin America.
Esona sikhululo seenqwelomoya sikhulu emhlabeni kuthutho lwabahambi
Ukuhamba kwabakhweli sesinye isalathisi esichaza ubungakanani besikhululo seenqwelomoya. Ngaloo ndlela, i Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseHartsfield-Jackson eAtlanta, eUnited States, inkqenkqeza phambili kwihlabathi, inabakhweli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-100 ngonyaka. Indawo yayo enobuchule, iiyure nje ezimbini ngenqwelomoya isuka kwizixeko ezininzi zaseUnited States, kunye nendima yayo njengendawo yokusebenzela iSouthwest Airlines, iyidibanise njengesona sikhululo seenqwelomoya sixakekileyo ehlabathini.
Yasekwa ngo-1926, iHartsfield-Jackson ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwiinqwelomoya zasekhaya kunye neenqwelomoya eziya eYurophu, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba kufutshane noNxweme oluseMpuma lwaseMelika. Ngokukwanjalo, ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwiinqwelomoya zexabiso eliphantsi, ezitsala izigidi zabakhweli ngonyaka.
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBeijing
El Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBeijing Liyeyesibini ukuxakeka ehlabathini, linabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-96 ngonyaka. Esi sikhululo seenqwelomoya sikhulu sinofikelelo olulula kuloliwe waso ocacileyo, nto leyo isenza sibe luphawu loqhagamshelo kunye nesantya. Ngaphaya koko, yavula iingcango zayo ngo-1958, ikwagqama kuyilo lwangoku kunye nokusebenza kwayo.
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDubai
El Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDubai Ngolunye uhlobo lweenqwelomoya zehlabathi. Ngeziseko ezingundoqo ze-29.000 square metres, ibamba iinqwelomoya ze-6.000 zemihla ngemihla kunye nokunyuka kwabagibeli be-88 yezigidi ngonyaka. Esi sikhululo seenqwelomoya asidumanga nje kuphela ngenxa yomthamo kunye nokugcwala, kodwa nangenxa yeendawo ezithengisayo, ezithatha i-5.400 yeemitha ezikwere, apho abahambi banokonwabela amava okuthenga simahla.
Ukusukela oko yavulwa ngo-1959, iDubai izimise njengenye yezona zikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezaziwayo ngobuhle bayo bokwakha, ubuchwephesha obuphambili kunye neenkonzo zabakhweli.
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya esihle kwihlabathi
Xa ucinga ngobuhle bezikhululo zeenqwelomoya, i Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseAdolfo Suárez eMadrid, eSpeyin, idla ngokukhankanywa njengenye yezona zintle ehlabathini. Eyilwe ngabayili bezakhiwo u-Antonio Lamela, uRichard Rogers kunye noLuis Vidal, isikhululo seenqwelo-moya sibonakalisa uphahla olungenasiphelo kunye ne-bamboo slats kunye ne-skylights evumela ubuninzi bokukhanya kwendalo, okuye kwafumana amabhaso amaninzi okwakha.
Ukongeza, i Isikhululo seenqwelomoya saseMunich, eJamani, ivelele kwiziganeko zayo zonyaka, apho imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo iququzelelwe kwindawo yayo ebanzi ephakathi, iyenza ibe yenye yezona zikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezinomdla kakhulu kwimbono yobuhle.
Iiprojekthi ezintsha
Iiprojekthi zokwandisa kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko ezitsha zesikhululo seenqwelomoya ziyaqhubeka ukukhula. ESaudi Arabia, ukwakhiwa kwe Isikhululo seenqwelomoya iKing Salman International, ekulindeleke ukuba yodlule izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zangoku ngobukhulu nangomthamo. Ifumaneka eRiyadh, esi sikhululo seenqwelomoya siya kuba neenqwelo zeenqwelomoya ezintandathu kwaye siza kugubungela malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-57.
Isikhululo seenqwelomoya kuqikelelwa ukuba siza kunceda abakhweli abazizigidi ezili-120 ngo-2030, siphakamisa ngakumbi iSaudi Arabia kwimephu yendlela yokuhamba emoyeni yehlabathi. Ngo-2050, eli nani kulindeleke ukuba lifike kwi-190 yezigidi zabakhweli ngonyaka, lidibanisa impembelelo yelizwe kummandla.
Ngolu lwazi lubanzi, ngoku uyazi ngokweenkcukacha zeziphi ezinye zezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezinkulu emhlabeni kunye neeprojekthi zexesha elizayo eziya kutshintsha imbonakalo yelizwe lezothutho lomoya.