Ii-biofuels eziphucukileyo ziye zagqabhuka kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yamandla njengenye indlela ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa i-carbon footprint yezothutho ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqula izakhiwo ezikhoyo okanye izithuthi. La mafutha, aveliswa ngenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo ezingezizo ukutya-ezifana nokuthenwa, iintsalela zehlathi, ioyile esetyenzisiweyo, okanye i-algae-zinenzuzo yokungaphazamisi umxokelelwane wokutya kwabantu okanye ukuguqula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kube mandundu, izigxeko ezibini eziphindaphindiweyo ze-biofuels eziqhelekileyo.
Utshintsho lwamandla lube yinkqubo ye-multidimensional Yiyiphi, ngokweengcali kunye namaziko afana neRepsol Foundation kunye neCarlos III University yaseMadrid, iya kwenzeka kuphela xa kusetyenziswa izisombululo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe, kubandakanywa ukubandakanywa okukhulu kwamafutha avuselelekayo. La mafutha anokuhlanganiswa ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yangoku yokuhamba kunye namandla, esebenzisa iziseko zoncedo ezikhoyo, ukusuka kwizikhululo zenkonzo ukuya kwiipayipi, ngaphandle kokufuna utyalo-mali olongezelelweyo okanye ixesha lokulungelelaniswa kwezoshishino.
Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu ze I-biofuels ekwinqanaba eliphezulu ilele kubuchule bazo kunye namandla okuphelisa ikhabhoni kwangoko.. Zingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwiinjini zokutsha zangoku, zombini kwiimoto kunye nezaselwandle kunye necandelo le-aeronautical, ngaloo ndlela iququzelele ukucutha okubonakalayo kokuphumayo. Ngaphezu koko, Imveliso yayo ikhuthaza uqoqosho olujikelezayo, inika amandla inkunkuma ephilayo kwaye inqanda ukuqokeleleka kwayo okanye ukutshiswa kwayo, nto leyo enyusa uqoqosho lwengingqi kunye nokuvuselelwa kwemimandla yasemaphandleni okanye ehlayo.
Iindlela zobuchwepheshe zokufumana la mafutha zihluke: ukusuka kwi-hydrotreatment yeeoli ezisetyenzisiweyo, ezisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezifana ne-diesel ehlaziyiweyo, ukuvutshelwa ukuvelisa i-bioethanol, i-anaerobic digestion (evelisa i-biogas kunye ne-biomethane), i-pyrolysis, kunye ne-gasification ye-lignocellulosic biomass. Inkqubo nganye iguqula inkunkuma ekhoyo ibe ngamandla acocekileyo, anexabiso eliphezulu okongezwa kangangoko.
ISpain ibekwe njengelinye lamazwe anesikhundla esikhulu sobunkokeli kwii-biofuels eziphucukileyo ngenxa yendibaniselwano yezinto ezahlulayo. Oku kubandakanya ubuninzi benkunkuma yezolimo nezamahlathi, ilaphu lemizi-mveliso, kunye nothungelwano lweendawo zokucokisa ezilungiselelwe ukuguqulwa zibe ngamaziko ombane amaninzi. Utyalo-mali kwi-R&D kunye nokufumana imali yaseYurophu komeleza isikhundla seSpain njengenkokeli yaseYurophu kuqoqosho lwendalo kunye ne-biocircularity.
Umfutho waseYurophu kunye neeprojekthi zokushukuma zobuvulindlela
I-European Union iyayiqaphela indima yobuchule yala mafutha, kwaye umyalelo wayo weRED III ufuna ukuba ngo-2030 ubuncinane i-5,5% yamafutha asetyenziselwa ukuthutha ibe yi-biofuels ephuculweyo okanye i-non-biological renewables. Amava afana ne-Tour de Europe, apho izithuthi zihamba ngamawaka eekhilomitha zisebenzisa i-fuel mix mix, ibonise ukuba iteknoloji sele ikhona kwaye iyasebenza ngokwezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa okanye ukusebenza kwezithuthi.
Kwinqanaba likazwelonke, i-National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan ibeka injongo enqwenelekayo ngakumbi: ukufikelela kwi-28% yamandla avuselelekayo kwezothutho ngo-2030. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa we-Ecological Transition, ngokulandelayo, iphumeze imilinganiselo yokulawula kunye nemali yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zokutya kunye nokubeka phambili inkunkuma kwimveliso ye-biofuel eqhubekayo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-biofuel kwindalo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-biofuel.
Ukuzinikela kula mafutha kukhatshwa a uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo lolawulo kunye nerhafuAbanye oorhulumente banyuse amaxabiso aphantsi okuthengwa kwee-biofuels ezifana ne-biodiesel kunye ne-bioethanol, ukulungelelanisa izixa zokugcina ukukhuphisana kunye nokubonakalisa iindleko zemveliso. Ngaphezu koko, Kumiselwe ixesha elimiselweyo lokuhlawula elingqongqo kwezi mveliso, kwaye kumacandelo afana nezothutho, impembelelo kwiindleko zokugqibela kubathengi nakumashishini kuyaxoxwa.
Izenzo emhlabeni azikhawulelwanga kuthutho lwasemhlabeni. Iinkampani ezifana ne-Armas Trasmediterránea ziye zaqalisa ukusebenzisa i-biofuels ye-2G ephezulu kwiindlela zaselwandle, ngakumbi kwiiCanary Islands, njengenxalenye yezicwangciso ezijoliswe ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweenqwelo. La manyathelo angqamene nobudlelwane obucwangcisiweyo kunye neenkampani ezikhethekileyo kwaye aqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwimigaqo yaseYurophu malunga nokugcinwa kolwandle kunye nokugcinwa kolwandle.
Uqoqosho lwesetyhula, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe
Enye yeenzuzo ezizodwa zee-biofuels eziphambili ligalelo labo kuqoqosho olujikelezayo. Ukuguqula ezolimo, amahlathi, inkunkuma yasezidolophini, kunye namafutha ezilwanyana abe ngamandla Kusivumela ukuba sinciphise iimpembelelo ezivela kulawulo lwenkunkuma kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, someleze uqoqosho lwasekhaya ngokubulela ekudalweni kwamakhonkco exabiso amatsha anxulumene nolungiselelo, ukusetyenzwa nokuhanjiswa.
Iinkampani zamandla, ezifana ne-Repsol, zizinikele ekukhuthazeni izityalo ezinkulu zokuvelisa i-fuel, njengaleyo isandul 'ukuvulwa eCartagena okanye ezayo ePuertollano, apho baqhuba zonke iintlobo zenkunkuma. Le ndlela eguquguqukayo, edibanisa i-lipid, i-biological, i-thermochemical, kunye ne-e-fuel technologies, ifuna ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokukhuthaza ukujikeleza, inkalo ephambili yokuvuselela imimandla yenguqu.
Kwangaxeshanye, uphando kunye nezinto ezintsha zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Amaqonga eThekhnoloji kunye neeyunivesithi zisebenza ngokusondeleleneyo ukukhusela inkxaso-mali yaseYurophu kunye nokukhuthaza iiprojekthi ezilingwayo eziya kukhulisa imveliso kwaye, ekuhambeni kwexesha, zidibanise i-biofuels kumacandelo aphambili oqoqosho lwesizwe. Iingcali ziyavuma ukuba, nangona ukufakelwa kombane kuya kuba yimfuneko kusetyenziso lwasezidolophini, i-biofuels ibalulekile kumacandelo e-decarbonizing afana nezithuthi ezinzima, inqwelomoya, kunye nezaselwandle.
Omnye umba ochaphazelekayo yimpembelelo yezoqoqosho yala mafutha. Ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo, ngokusetyenziswa ngamandla kwemathiriyeli ekrwada yasekhaya efana nenkunkuma yezolimo nezamahlathi, Ukuya kutsho kuma-58% emfuno yamafutha efosili anokutshintshwa kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuncitshiswe kakhulu, ngeli lixa inegalelo ekuvuselelweni koqoqosho lwasemaphandleni.
Uphuhliso lwala mafutha ezithuthi lukwaxhaswa yimimiselo engqongqo efuna isiqinisekiso sozinzo kunye nokulandeleka ukuze kuqinisekiswe imvelaphi yawo enokuhlaziywa, imfuneko yokufikelela kuzo zombini iinkxaso kunye neemarike kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe okuphunyeziweyo kunye nokufumaneka kwamaziko oshishino okuqala asebenzayo kubonisa ukuba icandelo le-biofuels eliphucukileyo linokubonelela ngezisombululo ezikhawulezileyo nezinokwehla. Iinkampani ezinkulu zothutho, abavelisi bezithuthi, kunye nabaqhubi bezothutho sele bedibanise la mafutha kwiinqwelo zabo, kunye neemvavanyo eziqinisekisa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nezixhobo zangoku.
Icandelo lezamandla lijongene nemingeni ebalulekileyo, efana nokulungelelaniswa kwerhafu, imfuno yotyalo-mali, kunye nokusekwa kwezikhokelo zolawulo ezicacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimeko zokwamkelwa ngokubanzi eSpain naseYurophu zilungile; amava aqokelelweyo kunye nokuzinikela kulwahlulo lwetekhnoloji ludibanisa la mafutha njengowona mba uphambili kwinguqu ukuya kwi-low-carbon mobility kunye neshishini.
Ukujonga kwikamva, uthutho aluyi kuthembela kuphela ekufakeni umbane, kodwa kuya kuba yindibaniselwano yeenketho ezilungiselelwe kwicandelo ngalinye. Ukulungiswa kwekhabhoni kwamacandelo ekunzima ukuwenza umbane, njengokuhamba ngenqwelomoya okanye indlela yokuhamba ixesha elide kunye nothutho lwaselwandle, i-biofuels ephucukileyo inika enye indlela efumaneka lula. Ukukwazi kwabo ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, ukusebenzisa inkunkuma, kunye nokuvuselela imimandla ibabeka njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo kutshintsho lwamandla.