Brasil Yamkelwa njengelinye lawona mazwe abalulekileyo eLatin America ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye noqoqosho olukhulu, oluqhutywa ubukhulu becala. zendalo. Ngaphaya koko, iBrazil ibe nguvulindlela kulo mmandla xa kufikwa ekufuneni ezinye iindlela kumafutha efosili, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2005 iye yaphuhlisa Iibhayoloji, ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zasekhaya, ngokukodwa koomatshini bezolimo kunye nezithuthi ezinzima.
Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-biofuel eBrazil, imingeni ejongene nayo, imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente eye yaqhuba oku kukhula, kunye nendlela ilizwe eliye laba ngumqondiso wehlabathi jikelele kweli shishini.
Imveliso ye-Biofuel eBrazil: Inkokeli yehlabathi
IBrazil yiyo umvelisi wesibini omkhulu we-bioethanol ehlabathini, kwaye ngo-2009, ivelise iilitha ezingama-26 zeebhiliyoni zale biofuel, ukongeza kwi-1.1 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha ze-biodiesel. Enyanisweni, ngo-2010, ukuveliswa kwe-2.400 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha ze-biofuels kulindeleke, inani eliye laqhubeka likhula ngokukhawuleza kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
Ngokwengxelo yakutshanje evela kwi-Arhente yeSizwe yePetroleum, iGesi yeNdalo kunye ne-Biofuels (ANP), ngo-2023 iBrazil yafikelela kwirekhodi yembali ngokuvelisa. Iilitha ezingama-43 eebhiliyoni ye-biofuels, ukongeza i-bioethanol kunye ne-biodiesel. Oku kukhula kwenzeke ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente emininzi ekhuthaza ukuveliswa, ukugcinwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-biofuels, kunye notyalo-mali oluvela kwiinkampani zangaphandle ezitsalwa ngamandla emarike yaseBrazil.
Imveliso ye-Ethanol ngo-2023 yafumana ukukhula kwe 15,5% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo, ukufikelela Iilitha ezingama-35,4 eebhiliyoni. Oku kubandakanya i-ethanol engenamanzi, exutywe nepetroli, kunye ne-ethanol enamanzi, ethengiswa ngokwahlukeneyo kwizikhululo zegesi. Ummandla waseMzantsi-mpuma ukhokela imveliso kwinqanaba likazwelonke nge Iilitha ezingama-17,2 eebhiliyoni, emele i-48,5% yemveliso yaseBrazil. Eminye imimandla efana noMntla-mpuma, uMzantsi kunye noMbindi-ntshona nawo ubonise ukonyuka okukhulu.
Amafutha azinzileyo: Ngaphaya kwe-ethanol kunye ne-biodiesel
Enye yenkqubela phambili enkulu yakutsha nje kwishishini le-biofuels eBrazil kukuveliswa kwe biomethane, isibaso esivela kwizinto eziphilayo eziye zanda 12,3% ngo-2023, ukufikelela kwi-74,9 yezigidi m³. Le biofuel inamandla amakhulu, ngakumbi kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezithuthi ezinzima, apho imfuno yezinye iindlela kunedizili isanda.
I-Biodiesel, inxalenye yayo, ifikelele ngaphezu Iilitha ezingama-7,5 eebhiliyoni ngo-2023, iqhutywa, ngokuyinxenye, ngokunyuka kwepesenti yokudibanisa okunyanzelekileyo kunye ne-diesel ukuya kwi-12%. Ummandla osemazantsi uyaqhubeka nokuba ngumvelisi omkhulu, kunye ne-3,1 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha, ngokusondeleyo i-Centre-West ene-3 yeebhiliyoni zeelitha.
URhulumente waseBrazil ubonise umdla omkhulu ekuqhubekeni nokukhuthaza i-biofuels njengenxalenye ephambili kwi Utshintsho lwamandla kwimithombo ecocekileyo, ukuyijika ibe sisibaso esizinzileyo sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, uthutho lwaselwandle, kunye nokuveliswa kombane. Imigaqo-nkqubo egxile ekuhlukeni kwemithombo yamandla inceda ukukhokela indlela yotshintsho olufanelekileyo noluqukayo.
Izinto eziphambili kwimpumelelo yoshishino lwe-biofuels eBrazil
Impumelelo yolu shishino ayenzekanga nje. IBrazil iphumeze iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamafama amancinci naphakathi kwikhonkco lokuvelisa i-biofuel, esebenzisa izityalo ezahlukeneyo njengento ekrwada. Phakathi kwabo, phawula:
- zesoya: Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuveliswa kwe-biodiesel.
- Umoba: Yeyona mveliso iphambili ye-ethanol eBrazil, enobuchule obuphezulu kakhulu kunombona, osetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe.
- Yucca: Ikwajongwa njengomthombo onokubakho we-ethanol.
- Ijatropha: Isityalo esisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-biodiesel.
- Inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokhula lwaselwandle: Inkqubela phambili yamva nje ibonisa iziphumo ezithembisayo kwimveliso yebiofuel.
Enkosi kwintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo kunye nokwandiswa komhlaba olimekayo, iBrazil ikwazile ukusebenzela imarike yalapha ekhaya kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lokutya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uRhulumente uphumeze izivumelwano namafama ukuze imveliso yawo ingaphazanyiswa yimfuno ye-biofuels.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba ukwandiswa kwee-biofuels akuyi kwenzeka ngaphandle kothungelwano olubanzi izibonelelo kuthutho nokugcinwa, nto leyo efuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo. Ngapha koko, iinkampani ezininzi zangaphandle ziye zabona amandla oqoqosho lwaseBrazil zaza zajoyina lo mzamo, ovelise amawaka emisebenzi kulo lonke icandelo.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nemingeni
Nangona inkqubo yokuvelisa i-biofuel e-Brazil, ngokwemiqathango jikelele, isebenza kakuhle kwaye ayingcolisi kangako kunamafutha efosili yemveli, isajongana nenye. imingeni yokusingqongileyo. Ubuninzi bomhlaba ofunekayo ukukhulisa izityalo zokuvelisa i-biofuel kubangela imingeni ehambelana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, imiba urhulumente ajongene nayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzinza.
Ukongezelela, uphando olwenziwa yi-Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) lugxininise ukuba iBrazil ikhokela isicwangciso sengingqi sokukhuthaza i-biofuels njengesixhobo sokunciphisa i-decarbonization yokuthutha, ngakumbi kumxholo weSivumelwano saseParis. Inxalenye yesi sicwangciso ibandakanya yakutshanje Umthetho wamafutha wexesha elizayo, apho iBrazil ifuna ukunyusa ipesenti yokusikwa kwepetroli nge-ethanol ukuya kuma-35%, kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha e-aviation azinzileyo (SAF).
Utshintsho lwamandla eBrazil alugubungeli i-biofuels kuphela, kuba ilizwe lizibophelele ngamandla kweminye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo njenge yelanga, la umoya kunye umbane. Ngokudibanisa le mithombo yamandla kunye nobunkokeli bayo kwi-biofuels, iBrazil ikwindawo entle yokuhlangabezana neenjongo zayo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
I-Brazil ibonise ukuba i-biofuels yindlela esebenzayo kunye nezinzileyo kwixesha elide, igalelo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ngoshishino oluhlala lukhula kunye nokugxila kwisicwangciso sokuhlukahluka kwezityalo kunye nobuchwepheshe, ilizwe likhokelela ekutshintsheni kwamandla eLatin America.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yakhe yokuzivelela kwezinto, umntu ulawule indalo, wayenza umthombo wakhe wokutya namandla. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20000 XNUMX eyadlulayo waqonda ukuba angasebenzisa iinkuni kunye nezityalo ezomileyo ukupheka ukutya kwakhe kunye nokuzibonelela ngobushushu kwimozulu ebandayo. Le nkqubo ibiyindalo kuba khange iguqule amandla, imeko yendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngexesha lotshintsho kwimizi-mveliso kulapho, emntwini, enye yeengxaki ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekuphelisweni ziqala, ukusukela kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, umonakalo obangelwe kwindalo sele udume kakubi, kuphela kukujonga okusingqongileyo ukwazi ukuba kukho into engalunganga. Ukungalingani okubangelwe akusekho ikakhulu kokusingqongileyo, kodwa kukwabandakanya inkalo yentlalo, ukuxhaphaza okugqithisileyo kwezixhobo zethu kuya kuba sisiphelo sentshabalalo yethu, ngoku umntu njengoluhlobo ujongene nemeko enzima kakhulu, umthombo wamandla esikholelwa kuwo ukungabinamkhawulo ngoku Ineminyaka nje embalwa ukuba iphele. Oko kubizwa ngokuba zi-fossil fuels kungena kwixesha lokunqongophala, nto leyo eya kuthi ibangele, njengoko kulindelekile, ibe yenye yeengxaki zezoqoqosho ezimandundu kula maxesha akutshanje. Ihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi amazwe ahluphekayo, liza kujongana neentlekele ezininzi, amaxabiso eemveliso aya kunyuka aye kwinqanaba elingalindelekanga kwaye ilizwe liza kuba nendlala etshabalalisayo. Inkqubo yangoku yezoqoqosho elawula uninzi lwamazwe ekugqibeleni iya kuba ngoyena nobangela wale ngxaki, injengendlu yamakhadi eza kuwa kungekudala. Ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi okudibanisa ilizwe ngalinye kunye nehlabathi liphela, zonke ziya kubethwa ngandlela thile okanye enye kwaye ezinye zinamandla ngakumbi kunabanye. Kubalulekile ukuba ilizwe okanye ilizwe liphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yamandla exesha elide ebakhulula ekuxhomekekeni kwimithombo yeefosili, ngakumbi ioyile. Imithombo yamandla engaqhelekanga idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Kukho amandla amakhulu afumanekayo kwiplanethi yethu, amandla elanga kuphela avelisa amaxesha angama-15 amandla esiwasebenzisayo ngosuku. Lo mthombo wamandla kunye neminye emininzi efana nomoya, ulwandle kunye ne-biomass inokuba sisisombululo kule ntlekele. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo, akunakulindeleka kangako.IBrazil, umzekelo, igubungela iipesenti ezingama-50 zokusebenzisa kwayo amandla ahlaziyekayo, ngakumbi ii-biofuels. IBrazil iqonde kwangoko ukuba ilizwe linokuphumelela ngokusebenzisa indalo kunye nezixhobo ezihlaziyiweyo ngendlela efanelekileyo. Kuyamangalisa ukuba phantse i-90% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla ivela kwioyile, i-7% kumandla enyukliya kwaye yi-3% kuphela egutyungelwe ngamandla angenakuhlaziywa, kuba ayizukwothusa oosomashishini abaninzi beoyile, kuba imithombo yamandla angaqhelekanga ayivelisi nzuzo inkulu, kunye neoyile.