Indoneshiya, elona chwebakazi likhulu ehlabathini, ngokwembali belisaziwa ngobutyebi balo obuninzi kulo zendalo. Ukusuka kwiiminerali ukuya kwiintlobo zaselwandle, eli lizwe libonelela ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye neseti yemithombo exhatshaziweyo kangangeenkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, obu butyebi buvelise uthotho lwemicelimngeni yelizwe, malunga nozinzo kunye nolawulo.
NgeCawe ephelileyo, nge-12 kaJanuwari, iyure nje enye phambi kokuba kuqalwe ukusebenza komthetho onokuthi uthintele kumazwe angaphandle kwezimbiwa ekrwada, urhulumente waseIndonesia wakhupha ummiselo omtsha ohlengahlengisa olu nqumamiso. Olu tshintsho lwemithetho yayilinge likarhulumente lokulinganisa umdla weenkampani ezinkulu iinkampani zemigodi kunye noqoqosho lwengingqi.
Umxholo wezopolitiko I-Indonesia iye yatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukusukela ngowama-2009, ilizwe lamkele imithetho efuna ukuba iinkampani zemigodi zicokise izimbiwa kumaziko alapha ekhaya phambi kokuba zizithumele kumazwe angaphandle. Oku kwakunenjongo yokuphucula uqoqosho lwelizwe, ngokukodwa kwimimandla apho phantse isiqingatha sabemi siphila ngemali engaphantsi kweedola ezimbini ngosuku. Ngaphaya koko, urhulumente unethemba lokuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo uya kunceda ukwandisa ixabiso lokongezwa kwexabiso lempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwaye ukhuthaze ukukhula koqoqosho lwangaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka kwemithombo yendalo yase-Indonesia
I-Indonesia iphakathi kwawona mazwe atyebileyo kwihlabathi ngokwemiqathango ye zendalo. I petroleum kunye igesi yendalo Zingamacandelo abalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwase-Indonesia, ilizwe likwindawo ye-14 kwihlabathi kwimveliso yegesi yendalo. Ikwangumthengisi omkhulu we amalahle kunye nobhedu, elilelona lizwe lithumela kwamanye amazwe amalahle ashushu. Oovimba be oro y isiteketiso of Indonesia baye bazuza rankings ezibalulekileyo ehlabathini, enkosi kakhulu kwimigodi yabo ezifana Grasberg, omnye weyona migodi mikhulu yobhedu negolide ehlabathini. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukugxininisa i imithombo yehlathi, egubungela phantse i-50% yendawo yomhlaba yelizwe kwaye ibeka i-Indonesia kwindawo yesixhenxe kwihlabathi malunga nommandla wamahlathi.
I-biodiversity yase-Indonesia yenye yeengongoma zayo eziphambili. Likhaya kumawaka eentlobo zeentaka, iintlanzi, izirhubuluzi nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Amahlathi emvula ase-Indonesia alikhaya leentlobo zeempawu ezifana ne iorangutan kunye Inamba yaseKomodo, ngelixa ulwandle lwayo luvula umhlaba onomtsalane ongaphantsi kwamanzi ogcwele iikorale kunye neentlanzi ezikhethekileyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa.
Izimbiwa kunye nendima yazo kuhlumo loqoqosho
Icandelo lezemigodi libe lelinye labaqhubi abaphambili bokukhula koqoqosho lwase-Indonesia. Nangona kunjalo, i imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo yelizwe, ethintele ukuthunyelwa kwezimbiwa kumazwe angaphandle, ibangele ukuba iinkampani ezininzi zemigodi zilungelelanise imisebenzi yazo ukuze zihambelane nemimiselo emitsha. Le migaqo ibifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba izimbiwa ziyalungiswa apha ekhaya, kunyuswe ixabiso elongezelelweyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela kube negalelo ekudaleni imisebenzi nophuhliso loqoqosho lwasekhaya.
I-Indonesia ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu we isiteketiso emhlabeni. Ilizwe liqikelelwa ukuba libambe ngaphezulu kwe-21 yezigidi zeetoni ze-nickel, kunye nobuninzi bobu butyebi bufunyenwe kwiziqithi zaseSulawesi naseHalmahera. Ngokufanayo, i-Indonesia ngumvelisi omkhulu we amalahle, kunye noovimba abaqikelelwa ngaphezu kwe-37 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Aba vimba ababoneleli kushishino lwamandla kuphela, kodwa bakwathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe asele ephuhlile nasakhulayo.
El oro Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwelizwe, apho umgodi waseGrasberg, okwiphondo lasePapua, ungomnye weyona ndawo inkulu yokugcina igolide kunye nobhedu emhlabeni. Ukuxhaphazwa kwayo ngokwembali bekuyintsika yolungelelwaniso lwezoqoqosho, nangona iye yavelisa ukungavisisani noluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nabakhuseli bendalo esingqongileyo.
Ishishini le-hydrocarbon
El ioli kunye negesi yendalo Zezinye izibonelelo eziphambili ezibeka i-Indonesia phakathi kwabathengisi behlabathi abaphambili. Ngo-2021, i-Indonesia yavelisa ngaphezulu kwe-650,000 yeebhare ze-oyile ngosuku kwaye yabekwa njengomnye wabavelisi abakhulu berhasi yendalo engamanzi (LNG) emhlabeni.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ilizwe lityale imali kakhulu kwi izibonelelo ezinxulumene nokutsalwa kunye nokulungiswa kweehydrocarbons. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-Indonesia izame ukwahlulahlula amandla ayo okuxutywa. amandla ahlaziyekayo.
Amanzi kunye nemithombo yamahlathi
I-Indonesia nayo ibalulekile imithombo yamanzi. Uthungelwano lwalo olukhulu lwamachibi nemilambo lubonelela inxalenye enkulu yabemi, ngoxa iimvula zakweleenjiko zivumela umhlaba walo ukuba uchume kakhulu. I-Indonesia inomndilili wemvula ngonyaka ongaphezulu kwe-2,700 mm, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lelinye lamazwe anemvula ephezulu emhlabeni, inceda kakhulu ezolimo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokufanayo, i-Indonesia ineendawo ezininzi imithombo yehlathi. Kumahlathi akweleenjiko kukho iindidi ezingaphezu kwama-3,000 29,000 zezilwanyana ezaziwayo nezimalunga nama-XNUMX XNUMX zezityalo. Noko ke, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokwandiswa kweshishini leoli yesundu kuye kwasoloko kusisisongelo kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo zeli lizwe. Ngaloo ndlela, urhulumente uye wamisela imigaqo yokuphelisa ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni nokulondoloza inkqubo yendalo.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nozinzo
Esinye sezona ziphumo zibi zivela kuxhatshazo olungalawulwayo lobutyebi lifuthe lokusingqongileyo. I-Indonesia ngoku ikwindawo yesithandathu ngokukhupha iigesi ze-greenhouse kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kudlale indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. I iindawo ezityebileyo zekhabhoni yaye amahlathi aseIndonesia atshatyalaliswa kukwanda kwezolimo namahlathi, nto leyo eye yachaphazela ngokunzulu izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo nomgangatho wobomi bezigidi zabantu abaxhomekeke kobu buncwane bendalo.
Ukuphendula, urhulumente wase-Indonesia uthathe amanyathelo okunciphisa ezi mpembelelo, ezifana nokwandisa ukumiswa kwemvume entsha yemigodi nezamahlathi. Ngaphaya koko, ilizwe lizibophelele, ngokwesakhelo se Isivumelwano saseParis, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwayo ngama-29% ngo-2030.
Umlo we ukukhuselwa kobutyebi bendalo kunye nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint kuye kwaba yinto ephambili kwiminyaka yamuva, nangona kusekho imingeni emininzi ekufuneka yoyiswe. I ulawulo lokusingqongileyo Kufuneka iqiniswe ukukhusela uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokuthobela izibophelelo zamazwe ngamazwe kwixesha eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide.
I-Indonesia ikwindlela yentlalo noqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwimithombo yobutyebi bendalo kube yeyona nto ibiqhuba uqoqosho lwayo, kodwa kwelinye, oku kukhatshwa yimingeni ebalulekileyo yentlalo-meko yokusingqongileyo. Ikamva lase-Indonesia liya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwisakhono salo sokulungelelanisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nozinzo kunye nobulungisa bezentlalo, ngelixa likhusela ubutyebi bayo bendalo obuxabisekileyo.