Ngelixa siseSpain sihlala sixakeke kwingxoxo malunga ne ukuvalwa kwemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya yokuqhekeka kunye nekamva lamafutha efosiliEmazantsi eFransi, iprojekthi yesayensi iyaqhubeka enokuthi itshintshe ngokupheleleyo imithetho yomdlalo wamandla: umzamo omkhulu wokuphindaphinda eMhlabeni amandla anika iLanga amandla.
Olu lingelo lwehlabathi lonke lwenzeka eSaint Paul-lez-Durance, kwingingqi yeCadarache. Apho, amazwe angama-33 ebesebenzisana kangangamashumi eminyaka ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esikhulu umfuniselo fusion reactor Ayizi kuvelisa umbane wentengiso, kodwa ifuna ukubonisa into enebhongo ngakumbi: loo ngxubevange inokuba ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo, ongacimiyo, kunye nobukhulu obusebenzisekayo.
ITER, isifinyezo se I-International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor kunye "nendlela" ngesiLatiniIthathwa ngabaphandi abaninzi njengenye yezona projekthi zibalulekileyo zesayensi kunye namandla kwimbali yanamhlanje. Intliziyo yayo iya kuba a iTokamak, igumbi levacuum imile okwedonathi kwaye ingqongwe ziimagnethi ezinamandla, injongo yayo kukwenza kwakhona elabhoratri ukusabela okwenzeka ngaphakathi eLangeni nasezinkwenkwezini.
Kunokuba ibe ngomnye nje umzekelo, Le yeyona tokamak inkulu kwezakha zakhiwaUmthamo wayo weplasma uya kuba malunga namaxesha amahlanu ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na isixhobo sangaphambili, esivumela ukuba sifezekise iimeko zokusebenza ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili kunye novavanyo, okokuqala kwindawo elawulwayo, iplasma evuthayo ezimeleyo.
Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukushisa okwenziwa ngamaqhekeza e-helium avelisiweyo kwi-fusion kugcina ukushisa kwe-plasma, ukunciphisa amandla afunekayo ukuba afakwe ngaphandle. Ukuba elo nyathelo libalulekileyo liyafikelelwa, inzululwazi ebisoloko iyisukela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane iya kube igqitywe..
Umanyano lwehlabathi lokukhanyisa "iLanga" eMhlabeni
Imvelaphi yezopolitiko kunye nesayensi ye-ITER ibuyele kwi-1985, kodwa uphuhliso lwayo lokwenene luye lwadityaniswa kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Namhlanje, amalungu asixhenxe aphambili athatha inxaxheba ngokusesikweni: iManyano yaseYurophu, iChina, iIndiya, iJapan, iKorea, iRashiya, neUnited States.ezithi xa zidibene zimele malunga nesiqingatha sabemi beplanethi kunye ne-73% ye-GDP yehlabathi.
Kwimeko yaseYurophu, amazwe angama-27 angamalungu e-EU Babonelela ngobuninzi benkxaso-mali yeprojekthi kunye nolungelelwanisoEcaleni kwabo, iTshayina, iIndiya, iJapan, iSouth Korea, iRussia kunye neUnited States ziyasebenzisana, zinegalelo ngamacandelo aphambili koomatshini, itekhnoloji ephucukileyo kunye namaqela ophando akwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Inkqubo yendalo esebenzisanayo inabela ngaphaya kwala mahlakani angundoqo. ITER iye yatyikitya izivumelwano namazwe anjengeOstreliya, iKazakhstan, iKhanada, neThailand. kwaye igcina amakhonkco malunga neeyunivesithi ezili-100, iilebhu, kunye nemibutho yehlabathi. ISwitzerland, eyaba lilizwe lesithathu elingadityaniswanga emva kowama-2020, icwangciselwe ukujoyina inkqubo ngokupheleleyo ngo-2026, ngelixa i-United Kingdom iqhubeka nokusebenzisa iikhontrakthi ezikhoyo kodwa ingangeni kwizivumelwano ezitsha emva kokumka kwayo e-Euratom.
Kulo mxholo wediplomacy yenzululwazi, indawo yaseFransi isebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana yamawakawaka eenjineli, iingcali zefiziksi, iingcali zemathiriyeli, iingcali zecryogenics kunye namagcisa olondolozo olukude. Umlinganiselo opheleleyo we-consortium wenza i-ITER ibe yenye yeenzame ezinkulu zentsebenziswano kwimbali yenzululwazi, xa kuthelekiswa neeprojekthi ezifana neCERN, kodwa enefuthe elithe ngqo ngakumbi kwinkqubo yamandla ehlabathi.
Ngaphaya kwamanani, injongo enkulu ekwabelwana ngayo kukubonisa ukuba ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya, okusekwe ekudityanisweni kokukhanya kwe-hydrogen nuclei, kunokuba sisiseko impucuko yamandla amatsha ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni enkulu, kunye nemithombo yepetroli eninzi eMhlabeni, kwaye ngaphandle kwemingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokuqhekeka kwemveli.
I-Tokamak enkulu: umngeni wobunjineli ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili
Eyona nto iphambili kuyo yonke iprojekthi iya kuba yi-ITER tokamak, igumbi lokucoca i-toroidal elijikelezwe yi superconducting iimagnethi eya kuvelisa umhlaba wemagnethi wokuqina okukhulu ukugcina iplasma ivalelwe ngaphandle kokuba ichukumise iindonga ezibonakalayo zereactor.
Ukufezekisa oku, ulwakhiwo lwemilinganiselo emikhulu iyakhiwa. Igumbi lokufunxa lereactor lenziwe ngamacandelo entsimbi alithoba amakhulu.Yenziwe ngonyamezelo lwe-millimeter kwaye yenzelwe ukudibana njengepuzzle yentsimbi enkulu, isakhiwo sinobunzima obungaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-400, siyibeka phakathi kwezona zakhiwo zikhulu nezintsonkothileyo zenzululwazi ezakha zadityaniswa.
Westinghouse Electric Company inxaxheba kwi Ukufakwa kwezinto eziphambili zegumbi lokutshangokwesakhelo sekhontrakthi ezixabisa malunga ne-168 yezigidi zeerandi. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuchaneka ngokugqithiseleyo: impazamo encinane kwintsimbi yokutshisela, ukungahambi kakuhle komzuzu, okanye isiphene esikwilungu sinokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kweplasma kuze kufuneke ukulungiswa okuxabisa imali eninzi.
Ukunciphisa imingcipheko, indibano isebenzisa iirobhothi ezichanekileyoiinkqubo zokulinganisa laser kunye nolawulo oluqhubekayo eziqinisekisa indawo kunye nokulingana kwenxalenye nganye. Imodyuli nganye kufuneka ilingane kuphela ngejometri, kodwa kunye ne-thermal kunye ne-electromagnetic, njengoko iya kuba phantsi koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo ngexesha lokusebenza.
Eyona njongo iphambili kukuba negumbi elikwaziyo ukuhlalisa umboniso weplasma oya kufikelela malunga I-150 yezigidi zeedigri ngokukaCelsius, iqondo lobushushu eliphindwe kaninzi kunolo lombindi weLangaPhantsi kwezi meko, i-hydrogen isotopes—ideuterium ne-tritium—inokukoyisa ukugxothwa kwazo kombane kunye ne-fuse, ikhuphe isixa esikhulu samandla ngendlela yobushushu.
Indlela yokuzama ukuphindaphinda inkqubo yamandla eLanga
Isiseko somzimba se-ITER yi Isenzo esifanayo esigcina iinkwenkwezi zivutha. Endaweni yokwahlula i-nuclei enzima, njengoko i-fission isenza kwizityalo zamandla zanamhlanje, i-fusion idibanisa ii-nuclei ezikhanyayo ukuze zenze ubunzima, ukukhulula amandla kwinkqubo.
Kwimeko ye-ITER, isicwangciso kukutofa i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium kwigumbi le-vacuum, zifudumale zibe yiplasma, kwaye usebenzise. imimandla yemagnethi enamandla kakhulu ukuvala loo plasma ngaphandle kokudibana ngqo neendonga. Ukuba yonke into isebenza njengoko kucwangcisiwe, ezinye iinqununu ze-helium ezibangelwa ukuxutywa ziya kudlulisela amandla abo kwi-plasma, zinceda ukugcina ukushisa ngokwawo.
Eyona njongo yobugcisa engundoqo inokushwankathelwa ngenani elinye: Q=10. Oku kubandakanya ukuvelisa malunga nama-500 eemegawathi zamandla adityanisiweyo ngeemegawathi ezingama-50 kuphela zamandla okufudumeza anikezelwe ngaphandle.Oko kukuthi, ukuphindaphinda ngeshumi ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla xa kuthelekiswa noko kungeniswe ekuqaleni kwinkqubo.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, irekhodi lehlabathi libanjwe yiTokamak JET yaseYurophu, ephumelele malunga ne-16 MW yamandla okudibanisa usebenzisa i-24 MW yamandla okufudumala. I-ITER ifuna ukunyusa kwaye ibonise, ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukusebenza kulawulo lokufumana amandla ngokucacileyo ngaphezu kwesinye., imeko ebalulekileyo yeplanti yamandla yorhwebo kwixesha elizayo.
Ngokungafaniyo nesixhobo sokwenza umbane, i-ITER ayenzelwanga ukuvelisa umbane. Umsebenzi wayo ngowokulinga ngokungqongqo. ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-physics kunye nobunjineli zenza kube lula ukugcina iplasma evuthayo ezinzileyo ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo kunye nokulingana kwamandla afanelekileyo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nemingeni yokudibanisa ngokuchasene namandla angoku
Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya kuthiwe thaca amashumi eminyaka njenge amandla "aphuphe" ngenxa yeenzuzo zawo zethiyori ngaphezu kweminye imithomboPhakathi kwamandla i-ITER ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ngawo ukungabikho kokukhutshwa kweCO2 ngexesha lokusebenza, ukufumaneka kwepetroli kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu inkunkuma ehlala ixesha elide ye-radioactive xa kuthelekiswa ne-fission.
Ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo zenyukliya eziqhelekileyo, Akukho mngcipheko wokusabela okungalawulekiyo kwetsheyiniEkubeni iplasma ngokwayo ipholisa ngokwendalo ukuba ukuvalelwa kwemagnethi okanye unikezelo lwamafutha kuphazamisekile, oku kunciphisa ukwenzeka kweziganeko ezimandundu kwaye kwenza lula imiba ethile yokhuseleko, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa imingcipheko. imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokuqhekeka kwemveli.
Nangona kunjalo, Umngeni omkhulu ulele kubunjineli obufunekayo ukulawula iplasma kumaqondo obushushu amakhulu.I-150 yezigidi zeedigri eziqikelelweyo zivelisa ubushushu obukhulu kunye noxinzelelo lwemagnethi kwisakhiwo, zifuna iinkqubo zokupholisa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokubekwa kweliso kwexesha lokwenyani kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo ngaphakathi kwireactor.
Ukufezekisa oku, i-ITER ixhomekeke kwisakhelo setekhnoloji ephucuke kakhulu: iimagnethi ezisebenza kakhulu ezisebenza kumaqondo obushushu akufutshane ne-zero ngokupheleleyo, izinzwa ezisasaziweyo ehlala ebeka iliso kwindlela yokuziphatha kweplasma kunye nee-algorithms zolawulo oluntsonkothileyo olulungelelanisa amasimi ezibuthe phantse ngoko nangoko xa bebona nakuphi na ukungazinzi.
Le ndibaniselwano yefiziksi yamandla aphezulu, isayensi yezinto, i-cryogenics, kunye nerobhothi iyayenza Ukuqhubela phambili ngakunye kulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elizayo kwereactor, ngokwayo, linyathelo elibalulekileyo lobunjineli bale mihlaAyilolingelo nje lenyukliya, kodwa yindawo yovavanyo ebanzi yobuchwepheshe, ubukhulu becala, zisakhula.
Iiteknoloji eziphambili ziza kuvavanywa kwi-ITER
Iprojekthi ayiphelelanga ekuvuleni iplasma kunye nokulinganisa ukuziphatha kwayo. I-ITER iya kusebenza ukuqinisekisa inani letekhnoloji ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kwayo bekungenakwenzeka ukwakha, kamva, izityalo ezidityanisiweyo zentengiso eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi.
Phakathi kolu phuhliso, oku kulandelayo kubalaseleyo: iimagnethi ezinkulu ze-superconductingEzi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa amandla amakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla okufanelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ze-cryogenic eziyimfuneko ukuzigcina kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu nazo ziya kuvavanywa. Iindlela zogcino lweremote, oluyimfuneko kwindawo apho imitha eyintsalela ithintela ukufikelela rhoqo kwabasebenzi, nazo ziya kuvavanywa.
Enye into enobuchule yi iimodyuli ezilungiselelwe ukuveliswa kwe-tritium ngaphakathi kwe-reactor ngokwayoEkubeni i-tritium inqabile ngokwemvelo, nayiphi na isityalo sorhwebo kuya kufuneka siyivelise ngaphakathi sisebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi "lithium mantle," apho i-neutron ekhutshwe ngokudibanisa idibanisa nale ntsimbi ukuvelisa amafutha amaninzi.
Inkqubo yomjikelo wamafutha, uxilongo oluphezulu lokujonga iplasma ngexesha lokwenyani, kunye nezakhiwo zokuqulatha zikwayinxalenye yekhathalogu yetekhnoloji eza kuqinisekiswa kwiziko. Injongo kukuvela kwisigaba sovavanyo kunye neeseti zezisombululo ezilungele-okanye ziphantse zilungele-ukuba zilungelelaniswe kwii-reactors zokubonisa kwaye, kamva, kwizityalo zorhwebo..
Kwangaxeshanye, ukhuseleko ludlala indima ephambili. Ngo-2012, abasemagunyeni baseFransi baye baqaphela i-ITER njengesixhobo senyukliya emva kwenkqubo yovavanyo olucokisekileyo. Enye yeenjongo ezicacileyo zenkqubo kukubonisa ukuba i-reactor edibeneyo inokusebenza ibe neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo eziphantse zibe ziro. kunye neenkqubo eziqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwabasebenzi kunye noluntu olungqongileyo.
Umgca wexesha oya kwi-plasmas yokuqala yokudibanisa
Ulwakhiwo lwe-ITER luqhubela phambili ukusukela ngo-2010 indawo emalunga neehektare ezingama-42 kumazantsi eFransiEsona sakhiwo siphambili esihlala iTokamak sagqitywa ngo-2020, kwaye ukusukela ngoko isigaba sendibano samalungu amalunga nesigidi avela kuwo onke amazwe asebenzisana nawo sele eqalile.
NgoNovemba 2024, iBhunga le-ITER liphumeze a isicwangciso esitsha sesalathiso esilungisa ishedyuli ukubeka phambili isiqalo esomelele ngakumbi sezenzululwazi. Ngokwale mephu yendlela, isigaba sokuqala, esibizwa ngokuba yi-Start of Research Operation, iya kuqala kwi-2034 nge-hydrogen kunye ne-deuterium-deuterium plasmas.
Emva kweso sigaba sokuqala, into ebizwa amandla apheleleyo emagnethiOko kukuthi, uqwalaselo lwentsimi oluyimfuneko ukuqhuba imifuniselo enzima ngakumbi. Okokugqibela, ukuqaliswa kwemisebenzi ye-deuterium-tritium, eyona nto iya kuvumela uphononongo lwe-fusion oluhambelana nokuveliswa kwamandla, lucwangciselwe i-2039.
Lo mgca wexesha ungabonakala ude, kodwa umlinganiselo weprojekthi kunye nesidingo sokuqinisekisa isinyathelo ngasinye kufuneka sithathelwe ingqalelo. Nayiphi na indlela emfutshane kwinkqubo yobukhulu inokuguqulela kwiingxaki ezinkulu ekuhambeni kwexesha.ngoko imihla ebekiweyo iphendula kuzo zombini ubunzima bobugcisa kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko lwenyukliya.
Ngeli xesha, umsebenzi wendibano kwi-reactor core kunye neenkqubo zayo ezincedisayo ngokwawo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo. umthombo wolwazi namava esele isetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kweYurophu nelizwe, kubandakanywa amanyathelo eSpeyin nakumazwe ahlukeneyo e-EU.
Umzamo ogxile kwi-ITER ubonisa indlela uluntu oluthatha ngayo inxalenye yekamva lamandla abo ekukwazini yinkosi ngendlela efanayo eyenza ukuba ilanga likhanyeUkuba uvavanyo lwaseFransi lubonisa ukuba ukudibanisa kunokugcinwa ngokuzinzileyo, kunye neenzuzo zamandla kwaye ngaphandle kweempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo, kuya kuba kuthathe inyathelo eliqinisekileyo elibhekiselele ekuveleni, kumashumi eminyaka azayo, yezityalo zokuqala zamandla okudibanisa urhwebo ezikwaziyo ukubonelela ngombane omninzi, ophantsi kwekhabhoni enokusebenza kwizizukulwana.
