Europe uye wathatha amanyathelo acacileyo ngokuchasene nokuloba okungekho mthethweni, ingxaki ebeka i-ecosystem yolwandle kunye noqoqosho lwamazwe achaphazelekayo emngciphekweni. Kumlo wayo wokuphelisa lo mkhuba, iManyano yaseYurophu iye yanyanzelisa zihlwayo iziganeko zembali kumazwe amathathu: EBelize, Cambodia y Guinea. Ezi zizwe aziyi kukwazi ukuthumela iintlanzi kwi-EU okanye zivumele iinqanawa zaseYurophu ukuba zisebenze emanzini azo.
Ukusukela oko kwaphunyezwa lo mmiselo ngo-2008, kokokuqala ukuba amanyathelo abaluleke kangaka athathwe ngokuchaseneyo. ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni. IBrussels ilandele izilumkiso zayo, imisela umzekelo kwihlabathi liphela malunga nolawulo lokuloba. Imakethi yaseYurophu, eyona inkulu kwihlabathi, iyazi ngefuthe le nokuzinza ukuloba. La manyathelo agxininisa ukuzinikela kwaseYurophu ekuqinisekiseni ukuba intlanzi ifikelela kubathengi ezinzileyo, ukukhusela izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kunye noqoqosho lwabahlali abangabalobi.
EBelize, Cambodia y Guinea, emva kwezilumkiso ezininzi, ekugqibeleni ziye zahlwaywa. Nangona kunjalo, iKomishoni yaseYurophu iye yawashiya evulekile amathuba okuwasusa amanyathelo ukuba la mazwe enza iinzame zokwenyani nezihlala zihleli zokulwa ukuloba okungekho mthethweni.
Impembelelo yokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kwi-ikhosistim yolwandle
Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, okungaxelwanga nokulawulwayo (IUU) ibeka isoyikiso esimandla kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Izenzo ezingalawulekiyo zibangela ukuxhatshazwa okugqithisileyo kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo, ukuguqula ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo. Uninzi lweendlela ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweminatha yokuloba ezantsi, zibanga ukutshatyalaliswa kweendawo zokuhlala ezinovakalelo ezifana neingqaqa zekorale kunye neebhedi zengca yolwandle.
Iziphumo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Esinye seziphumo eziphambili zokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kukubanjwa ngengozi Izilwanyana eziyingozi, njengookrebe, amafudo nezilwanyana ezanyisayo zaselwandle. Ezi ntlobo zidla ngokufa ngenxa yokuloba ngempazamo, nto leyo echaphazela ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwamanzi kunye nokuphila kwezi ntlobo zibalulekileyo.
Ingxelo yeGreenpeace ibonisa ukuba, ukongeza ekuthinjweni kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezikhuselweyo, uninzi lweentlobo ekujoliswe kuzo nazo zixhatshazwa kakhulu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu 33% inani leentlanzi ezivavanyiweyo lixhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo, okukhokelela kukungabikho kolungelelwano lwendalo. Uxinzelelo olongezelelweyo olubangelwa kukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni luyenza mandundu le meko, ichaphazela kakubi ikhonkco lokutya kwaselwandle.
ukuloba ngokuloba, ubuchule obusetyenziswa kakhulu ekulobeni ngokungekho mthethweni, ichongwe njengeyona nto iyonakalisayo indawo yokuhlala neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Ngokonakalisa umgangatho wolwandle, le ndlela itshabalalisa yonke i-ikhosistim, ivelisa ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwekhabhoni evaleleke kwintlenga yaselwandle.
Impembelelo kwiimangrove kunye ne-coral reefs
Esinye isiphumo esibi sokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kukutshatyalaliswa kwe imihlambo y Iingqaqa zekorale. Ngokomzekelo, imithi ye<em>mangrove yeyona ndawo iphambili kwindalo ephilayo ngenxa yokuba isebenza njengomqobo wendalo nxamnye nezaqhwithi yaye iyindawo yokuhlala ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kweentlobo ezininzi zaselwandle. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-a 50% yemangrove ilahleke kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ngenxa yokungenelela kwabantu, kuquka ukuloba okutshabalalisayo.
Ukwengeza, Iingqaqa zekorale, eziyimfuneko kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, nazo zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni okubandakanya ubuchule obunjengokusebenzisa i-dynamite yonakalisa imimandla emikhulu yolwalwa, kushenxisa inkqubo yendalo entsonkothileyo ethabatha amashumi eminyaka ukuchacha.
Iziphumo zentlalo nezoqoqosho zokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni
Ukongeza kwifuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo, ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kuneempembelelo ezinzulu kwezentlalo noqoqosho, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo axhomekeke ekulobeni njengowona mthombo uphambili wengeniso nokutya.
Ilahleko yoqoqosho lwehlabathi
Ngokutsho kweFAO, ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kunoxanduva lwelahleko enkulu ngokwemiqathango yezoqoqosho. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ilahleko yonyaka ibe phakathi 11 y I-23 yezigidigidi zeedola. Around I-26 yezigidi zeetoni Iintlanzi zibanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni minyaka le, zichaphazela imarike yeentlanzi zehlabathi kunye nokhuseleko lokutya loluntu lwasekuhlaleni.
Ezi zenzo zingekho mthethweni azibangeli kuphela ilahleko yezoqoqosho kubalobi basekuhlaleni, kodwa ziphinde zenzakalisa abathengi, abathi ngokufuthi bagqibele bethenga iintlanzi ezibanjiswe ngeendlela ezingazinzanga. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umgangatho okanye ukhuseleko lwezi mveliso ezifikelela kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe alunakuqinisekiswa.
Impembelelo kuluntu olulobayo lwengingqi
Abantu abahlala elunxwemeni, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, ngabona bachaphazeleka kakhulu kukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo kobutyebi baselwandle kubangela ukuhla kwenani leentlanzi, okuchaphazela ukukwazi kwaba bantu basekuhlaleni ukuziphilisa kwixesha elide. Oku, kwakhona, kunciphisa ukufikelela kumthombo ophambili wokutya kwaye kuchaphazela ngqo indlela yabo yokuphila.
Kwiindawo ezifana neNtshona Afrika noMzantsi-mpuma Asia, imikhosi yamashishini okuloba ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, uninzi lwabo lubandakanyeke ekulobeni ngokungekho mthethweni, iye yatshabalalisa ubuncwane basekuhlaleni bokuloba, ibangela ubuhlwempu yaye ifudusela abalobi basekuhlaleni kwimisebenzi engafanelekanga okanye ibanyanzele ukuba bafuduke.
Ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni: ingxaki yehlabathi
Imeko yangoku yokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokujongana nengxaki ye ukuloba kakhulu echaphazela iilwandle zethu. Ngokutsho kweGreenpeace, i 60% kwezitokhwe zeentlanzi zixhatshazwa ngomda, nangaphezulu 30% Baxhatshazwa kakhulu, nto leyo ebeka ukuzinza kweelwandle emngciphekweni omkhulu.
Ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, kudityaniswe nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni, kuye kwabangela ukuwa kweentlobo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, kuquka Ityhuna ebomvu kwiAtlantiki kunye ikhod kumntla-mpuma weUnited States naseKhanada. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi efana nokuloba trawl emazantsi Ayibangeli nje igalelo ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo, kodwa ikwakhupha isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni eqokelelwe kwintlenga yaselwandle, nto leyo enegalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu.
Ukufuduswa koluntu lwengingqi
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kwimizi-mveliso kugxotha abalobi abangamagcisa. Ezi zenzo azichaphazeli nje uqoqosho lwengingqi kuphela, kodwa zikwaguqula neenguqu kwezentlalo, ezibangela ukruthakruthwano. Uluntu obelukade luxhomekeke kwimithombo yokuloba ngoku kufuneka lukhuphisane nezithuthi ezingekho mthethweni eziphelisa ubutyebi.
Iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokulwa nokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni
Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luphumeze amalinge awahlukeneyo okuphelisa ukuloba okungekho mthethweni. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo yi IsiVumelwano kuManyathelo kaRhulumente waseZibukweni yeFAO, efuna ukuthintela iimveliso ezifunyenwe ngokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni ekungeneni kumatyathanga okusasaza amazwe ngamazwe.
Intsebenziswano yommandla nehlabathi jikelele
Ngaphezulu Amazwe e-60 baye basivuma esi sivumelwano, bezibophelela ekuqhubeni ulawulo olungqongqo kwimisebenzi yokuloba kumazibuko abo. Ukongeza, isivumelwano sikhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe ukulandelela, ukubeka iliso kunye nokuyeka imisebenzi engekho mthethweni.
Omnye umzamo ophambili uquka ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-arhente kwinqanaba lasekhaya kunye nelizwe ukuchonga iinqanawa ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuthintela ukuba ziphephe kumazwe apho imithetho iyancipha. Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa, obufana neenkqubo zokubeka iliso kwisathelayithi, kuye kwavumela amazwe ukuba alandele ngokusondeleyo iintshukumo zeenqwelo-moya, echonga iipateni ezikrokrisayo.
Isiqinisekiso sokuloba ngokuzinzileyo
Amazwe afana neChile kunye nePeru athathe amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zawo zokuloba zithobela imimiselo ezinzileyo, efana naleyo ikhuthazwa yimibutho efana no. IBhunga loBugcisa baseLwandle (MSC). Ezi ziqinisekiso zivumela abathengi ukuba bachonge iimveliso ezibanjiswe ngokusemthethweni nangokuzinzileyo.
Amanyathelo eManyano yaseYurophu
La European Union ibengomnye wabadlali ababalaseleyo ekulweni ukuloba ngokungekho mthethweni. Amanyathelo ayo aphambili abandakanya izatifikethi zokubamba, eziqinisekisa ukuba imvelaphi yeentlanzi esemthethweni kwaye ezinzileyo. Le nkqubo yoqinisekiso ijolise ekuthinteleni urhwebo lweemveliso zokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni.
Ngapha koko, i-EU ikhuthaze ukudalwa kwe iindawo ezikhuselweyo zaselwandle apho ukuloba kulawulwa okanye kuthintelwe ngokupheleleyo. Oku akukhuseli kuphela izilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela, kodwa kukwakhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle echatshazelwa kukuloba ngokugqithisileyo nokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni.
KwiLatin America, amazwe afana nePeru neChile amkele imimiselo efanayo esekelwe kwimodeli yaseYurophu, efuna ukwenza umehluko ekulweni nokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kummandla.
Ukuzibophelela kweManyano yaseYurophu kunye neenzame zokulwa nokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni kumisele umzekelo obalulekileyo kwihlabathi, kwaye iqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kweelwandle zethu ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.