Ngokuqinisekileyo ukhe weva ngeefotoni. Amaxesha amaninzi kuthethwa kwi-chemistry kunye namanye amaxesha kwi-physics. Kodwa yintoni ngokwenene a Ifoto? Lisuntswana lokukhanya elisasazeka kwi-vacuum kwaye lihamba ngesantya esingaguqukiyo. Yiphoton ebangela ukuba imitha ye-electromagnetic ihambe isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye, izibonakalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo esinokuzibona ngamehlo ethu okanye sisebenzisa izixhobo. Ngombulelo kwiifotoni esikwaziyo ukubona ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunye namava eziganeko ezifana nobushushu bemitha ye-infrared okanye imiphumo eyingozi yemitha ye-ultraviolet.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwezesayensi, uphononongo lwefoton luvule ucango lotshintsho olungenakubalwa kunye nobuchwepheshe, njengophuhliso lwethiyori ye-quantum, ukwakhiwa kwee-lasers, kunye nenkqubela phambili kwi-optics yanamhlanje. Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga zonke iinkcukacha zayo: iimpawu, ukufunyaniswa kwembali kunye nenkqubela phambili yesayensi, kunye nendima yayo kwihlabathi letekhnoloji.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngeefotoni? Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuba iifotoni zibe negalelo kwisayensi kunye nendlela eziye zalungisa ngayo ukuqonda kwethu ihlabathi.
Yintoni i-photon?
Ifoton lisuntswana lokukhanya elithwala imitha ye-electromagnetic. Ihamba kwivacuum ngesantya sokukhanya, iphoton inoxanduva lweziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo njengemitha yelanga efikelela kwisijikelezi-langa sethu, imiqondiso esiyifumana kuhlobo lwee<em>microwaves, nemitha ye<em>gamma evela kwezona mbombo zone zomhlaba. indawo.
Ithiyori yefoton yanamhlanje inika umdla njengoko intsonkothile, ibonisa ubumbini obusisiseko: iifotoni zisebenza njengamasuntswana namaza. Olu phawu lobumbano lolunye lweziseko zefiziksi ye-quantum, eye yasivumela ukuba siqonde inani elikhulu lezinto ezenzeka kwindalo.
Igama Ifoto livela kwisiGrikephos” okuthetha ukukhanya. Le ntwana ayinabunzima, ivumela ukuba ihambe ngesantya sokukhanya (malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-299,792 ngomzuzwana). Nangona kunjalo, nangona ingenabunzima, ithwala amandla, ubukhulu bayo buxhomekeke kubude bemitha yemitha eyithwalayo.
Ngaphakathi kwe-electromagnetic spectrum sifumana yonke into ukusuka kwimitha ye-gamma, enamandla amakhulu, ukuya kumaza erediyo, kunye namandla asezantsi. Phakathi kwezi zinto zigqithisileyo, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kufumaneka, ukusuka kwi-400 ukuya kwi-700 nm kwaye yintoni evumela amehlo ethu ukuba abambe indalo ngemibala.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo kukuba ifoton ayinayo intlawulo yombane kwaye, ngoko ke, ayichatshazelwa yimihlaba yombane okanye imagnethi. Olu phawu lubalulekile ekuziphatheni kwalo, kuba luyivumela ukuba igcine umkhondo ocacileyo we-rectilinear ngevacuum.
Iipropathi kunye nokufumanisa
I-photon inoluhlu lweempawu ezenza ukuba zikhetheke kwihlabathi leengqungquthela ezisisiseko. Njengoko sitshilo, iyakwazi ukusebenza njengamaza kunye nanjengesuntswana. Oku kubini kwaqinisekiswa ngokuhamba kweminyaka ngovavanyo oluninzi, njengoludumileyo umfuniselo wokuqhekeka kabini nguThomas Young, owabonisa ukuba xa iifotoni zidlula kwii-slits ezimbini, zisebenza njengamaza aphazamisayo ngokwazo, ezenza iipatheni zokuphazamiseka kwisikrini.
Kwinqanaba lemikroskopu, iiphoton ziziphatha njengamasuntswana, zinxibelelana neeathom kwaye zikhupha izixa ezichanekileyo zamandla. Kwiziganeko ezinje ngokufunxwa okanye ukukhutshwa kokukhanya, iifotoni zidlala indima emiselayo: xa i-athomu ifunxa amandla, ii-elektroni zinyukela kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla kwaye, xa zibuyela kwimeko yazo yomhlaba, zikhupha iifotoni, zikhuphe amandla afunxayo kwinkqubo. .
- Amandla: Amandla athathwe yifoton ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuphindaphinda kwayo. Ngefomula E = hν (apho u-E ingamandla, h yi-Plack's constant kwaye ν yi-frequency), siyazi ukuba amandla e-photon ayanda njengoko i-frequency yayo inyuka. Ngaloo ndlela, imitha ye<em>gamma inamandla amakhulu kakhulu kuneefoton zokukhanya ezibonakalayo.
- Umzuzu womgca: I-photon nayo ine-linear momentum enokubalwa ngokulula kunye ne-formula p = E / c, apho i-p isantya, i-E ingamandla e-photon, kwaye c isantya sokukhanya. Le ngcamango ingundoqo kwiimpembelelo ezifana noxinzelelo lwemitha, apho iifotoni zisebenzisa umthamo omncinci wamandla kwizinto ezisebenzisana nazo.
Ukufunyanwa kwefoton yayingumsebenzi onzima obandakanya iingcali zefiziksi ezininzi ezaziwayo. Nangona ingcamango ye ukukhanya quantization Ekuqaleni kwacetywa nguMax Planck ngo-1900 ukuba achaze i-anomalies ebonwa kwi-radiation yomzimba omnyama, ngu-Albert Einstein owaphakamisa ingcamango yokuba ukukhanya kuqulunqwe iipakethe ezincinci zamandla, awathi wabiza ukukhanya kwe-quanta, ngo-1905. wachaza kuphela i ukusebenza kweefotoelectric, kodwa wabeka iziseko zoomatshini bale mihla be-quantum.
Igama elithi photon laqulunqwa kamva, kwi-1926, yi-American physicist UGilbert N. Lewis, owamkela ibinzana elithatyathwe kwisiGrike ukuchaza la masuntswana okukhanya. Ukusukela kwintshayelelo yayo, ingqikelelo yamkelwe ngokubanzi kwaye yaphuhliswa ngamasebe ahlukeneyo efiziksi.
Iifiziksi eziye zanceda ekufumaneni i-photon
Izinto ezifunyenweyo malunga nefoton zazingengomsebenzi wesazinzulu esinye, kodwa sisiphumo somsebenzi weengcali ezininzi zefiziksi kulo lonke i-19 kunye ne-20 leminyaka. Njengoko sele sitshilo, Albert Einstein Wayengomnye wabakhuthazi abaphambili bengcamango ye-quantum yokukhanya, ephakamisa ubukho bayo ukucacisa umphumo we-photoelectric. Nangona kunjalo, iziphakamiso zakhe zaziswe ngumsebenzi wangaphambili wezinye iingcali zefiziksi.
Max Planck Waba negalelo ekufumaneni, njengoko umsebenzi wakhe kwi-radiation ye-blackbody wazisa ingcamango yokuba amandla awazange aqhube ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa kwiinxalenye ezicacileyo okanye i-quanta. Le ngcamango ithathwe ngu-Einstein ukuba acebise ubukho befoton. Ngoko ke, uPlanck noEinstein banendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yokufunyanwa kweefotoni.
Emva kwexesha Arthur Compton yenza imifuniselo yokusasazwa kweX-reyi ngowe-1923 eyathi yanikela ubungqina obongezelelweyo bobume bendalo bokukhanya, ibethelela ngakumbi ithiyori ye-quantum yokukhanya. Esi siphumo siqinisekisile ukuba i-photon inikwe amandla alingana nokuphindaphinda kokukhanya.
Umlinganiswa onomdla ngusosayensi UGilbert N. Lewis, umsebenzi wakhe owakhokelela ekuqanjweni kwegama elithi 'photon'. Nangona ithiyori yakhe yokukhanya yayekwa, igama elithi 'photon' lahlala laza laba yinxalenye yolwimi oludumileyo lwezenzululwazi.
Amandla kunye nokusebenza namhlanje
Okwangoku, ukufundwa kweefoton akusivumelanga nje ukuba siqonde inxalenye enkulu yeziganeko zendalo, kodwa kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuculeni okubalulekileyo kwezobuchwepheshe. Enye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo iifotonics, ezinikele ekusetyenzisweni kweefotoni ukudala ubugcisa obutsha.
Uphuhliso lwe I-laser ngumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela uphononongo lweefoton olukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo yezobuchwepheshe. I-laser lugxininiso lweefotoni kwi-beam ehambelana kakhulu kunye ne-odolo enezicelo ezininzi: ukusuka kwiyeza ukuya kunxibelelwano.
Ukongeza, iifotoni zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa imigama yeemolekyuli kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweeathom, eyona nto iphambili kuphando lwezenzululwazi kwimimandla efana ne-biochemistry kunye neyeza lemolekyuli. I iimicroscopes ezinesisombululo esiphezulu Ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kweefotoni, zivumela izakhiwo ukuba zibonwe ngokuchaneka okukhulu, okuyimfuneko kuphando lwe-biomedical.
Kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso, ukufunyanwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweefotoni nazo zingundoqo kwiinkalo ezifana unxibelelwano lwamehlo, apho ulwazi luhanjiswa ngeefotoni. Oku kuvumele uphuhliso olukhulu lwetekhnoloji enje ngesantya esiphezulu se-intanethi, esixhomekeke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kweentambo zefiber optic apho iifotoni zihamba ngazo ezithwala ulwazi lwedijithali.
Izicelo zobuchwepheshe zanamhlanje
Iifoto ziguqule iindawo zobuchwepheshe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ezibini zezicelo zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu I-laser kunye unxibelelwano lwamehlo. Iilaser, umzekelo, zisebenzisa iiphoton ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu ukwenza amanxeba achanekileyo kutyando okanye ukwenza i-welding kumashishini.
- Iyeza: Iilaser ezichanekileyo zivumela utyando oluncinci, ngelixa i-phototherapy isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimeko ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nomhlaza kunye neengxaki zesikhumba.
- Zonxibelelwano: Njengenxalenye ye-optics, iifoton zidlala indima ephambili ekudluliseleni idatha ngesantya esiphezulu, rhoqo kwiintambo ze-fiber optic zokuhanjiswa kwe-intanethi okanye izibonakaliso zikamabonwakude.
- Imakroskopu: Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-microscope yamehlo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweefotoni ukubamba imifanekiso enesisombululo esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili, esiye saba sisiseko sophando lwe-biomedical.
Inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi enxulumene neefoton iguqule ihlabathi langoku kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, isinceda ukuba siliqonde ngcono ihlabathi elisingqongileyo kwaye isinika ubugcisa obutsha obuphakamisa umgangatho wobomi bethu.