Amandla eNyukliya ngomnye wemithombo yokuvelisa impikiswano kakhulu kumandla ale mihla. Ukusukela ekuveleni kwayo kwinkulungwane yama-20, iye yabonwa njengesisombululo esithembisayo kwintlekele yemozulu nanjengesoyikiso esifihlakeleyo kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ephantsi ngokuthe ngqo kuyibeka njengenye indlela enokusetyenziswa kumafutha efosili, kodwa imibuzo malunga nokucoceka kwayo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuzinza kwayo iyaqhubeka ivelisa ingxoxo eshushu yehlabathi.
Ukuhlalutya impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yamandla enyukliya kudlula umlinganiselo weCO2 okhutshwa ngekilowatt-yure nganye. Ibandakanya ukufunda umjikelo wobomi uphela, ukusuka ekutsalweni kweuranium ukuya kulawulo lwenkunkuma eqhumayo, kubandakanywa ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokuphelisa ugunyaziso lwezityalo. Apha ngezantsi kukho isishwankathelo esinenkcukacha nesibanzi sokuba ingaba amandla enyukliya anokuthathwa acocekile na okanye angcoliseke na, ngokusekelwe kuzo zonke izinto ezibandakanyekayo kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwawo.
Ukukhutshwa kweCO2: Ngaba ngokwenene amandla acocekileyo?
Enye yeengxoxo eziphambili ezixhasa amandla enyukliya kukukwazi kwawo ukuvelisa umbane ngaphandle kokukhupha iCO2 ngexesha lesigaba sokuvelisa. Ngokungafaniyo namalahle, igesi yendalo, okanye ioli, izixhobo zenyukliya aziwatshisi amafutha efosili ukuze zivelise ubushushu, nto leyo ethintela ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kweegesi ze<em>greenhouse.
Nangona kunjalo, Xa uhlalutya umjikelo opheleleyo, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 engathanga ngqo kubalulekile.. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokumbiwa kweuranium kunye nokusetyenzwa, ukwakhiwa kwendawo yombane, ukutyetyiswa kwamafutha, uthutho, ukugcinwa kweziseko zoncedo, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuyekiswa kwayo.
Izifundo ezifana nezo ziqhutywa yiYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseCatalonia ziqikelela ukuba amandla enyukliya akhupha malunga ne-66 grams yeCO2 ngekilowatt-yure., ubungakanani obungaphantsi kakhulu kunamalahle (ukuya kwi-1000 gCO2/kWh) okanye idizili (778 gCO2/kWh), kodwa ngaphezulu kakhulu kunemithombo ehlaziyekayo efana namandla omoya (9 gCO2/kWh) okanye iphotovoltaic yelanga (30 gCO2/kWh). Ngoko ke, Ayinakuthathwa njengeteknoloji ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlaziywa.
Inkunkuma enemitha: yingxaki engasonjululwanga
Omnye weyona mingeni mikhulu yokusingqongileyo kumandla enyukliya kulawulo lwenkunkuma eqhumayo.. Ezi mathiriyeli ziyingozi kakhulu zinokuhlala zisebenza kangangamawaka okanye namakhulu amawaka eminyaka, zifuna izisombululo ezikhuseleke kakhulu, zokugcinwa kwexesha elide.
Okwangoku, Akukho sicombululo siqinisekileyo okanye esamkelwe kwihlabathi jikelele kunyango lokugqibela lwezi ntsalela. Uninzi lwazo lugcinwe okwexeshana kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ngokwaso, nto leyo eyandisa umngcipheko xa kukho ingozi, ukuvuza, okanye uhlaselo.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iindlela ezizezinye ezifana nogcino olunzulu lwejoloji ziye zacetywa, kodwa ukuba nokwenzeka kobugcisa, iindleko eziphezulu, kunye nokungabikho kwemvumelwano yentlalontle neyeziko kuthintele ukuba ezi zindululo ziphunyezwe ngokubanzi.
Ukongeza, ishishini lenyukliya livelisa iindidi ngeendidi zenkunkuma - ulwelo, igesi kunye neqinileyo -, ezinokuchaphazela amanzi, umoya kunye nomhlaba ukuba awulawulwa ngononophelo olugqithiseleyo. Naphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza, izixhobo zamandla zikhupha imitha ephantsi, nangona kunzima ukuyibona ngeliso lenyama, ingaba nemiphumo eyingozi yokuqokelela kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Iingozi zempilo kunye neengozi zenyukliya
Ukuchaneka kwexesha elide kwimitha, nokuba kumanqanaba aphantsi, kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko owongeziweyo weentlobo ezithile zomhlaza., ngakumbi phakathi kwabemi abahlala kufutshane neziko lamandla enyukliya. Uphando lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba amanqanaba aphantsi okusasazeka kwemitha anokutshintsha iDNA yomntu kwaye anyuse iziganeko zezifo eziwohlokayo.
Amatyala eChernobyl (1986) kunye neFukushima (2011) abonise iingozi zangempela zeengozi zenyukliya.. Zombini ezi ziganeko zabangela iintlekele ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo, zinyanzelela ukufuduswa kwemimandla emikhulu, zishiya iindawo zingahlali abantu kangangeenkulungwane kwaye zibangele iziphumo ezibi kwiintyatyambo, izilwanyana, kunye nempilo yoluntu.
Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili kwezokhuseleko, Akukho siqinisekiso siqinisekileyo sokuba ingozi ayisayi kuphinda yenzeke.. Impazamo yomntu, ukungaphumeleli kobugcisa okanye iintlekele zendalo zinokubangela iimeko ezinzima. Ngaphaya koko, kwiimeko zokungazinzi kwe-geopolitical, izixhobo zamandla enyukliya zinokujoliswa kuhlaselo okanye ubunqolobi.
Amanzi, ukupholisa kunye ne-ecosystems yasemanzini
Amaziko avelisa amandla enyukliya afuna isixa esikhulu samanzi kwiinkqubo zawo zokupholisa., eyenza iimpembelelo zesibambiso kumanzi akufutshane, nokuba yimilambo, amachibi okanye iilwandle.
Inkqubo yokupholisa ineempembelelo ezimbini ezikhethekileyo: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungena kwamanzi kwiindawo zendalo kunokubamba kwaye kubulale iintlanzi kunye nezinye iintlobo zasemanzini; Kwelinye icala, amanzi abuyiselwe kwimekobume akwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo eguqula ukulungelelana kwe-thermal ye-ecosystem echaphazelekayo, ebangela ukunyamalala kweentlobo ezingeva bubushushu.
Kwakhona, ukuba ukuvuza kwe-radioactive okanye ukuchitheka kurekhodiweyo, ingxaki iya isiba mbi. E-Argentina, umzekelo, imilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo ichonge amanqanaba e-tritium emanzini athe agqitha lee imida enconyelwa kumazwe ngamazwe ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu, ngaphandle kwengozi yenyukliya.
Ubukho beUranium: isixhobo esingahlaziyekiyo
Ngokungafaniyo nemithombo ehlaziyekayo efana nomoya okanye ilanga, amandla enyukliya axhomekeke kwiiminerali ezifana ne-uranium., obufumanekayo bulinganiselwe kwaye ukutsalwa nokusetyenzwa kwazo kubandakanya iimpembelelo ezinamandla zokusingqongileyo namandla.
Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba, kumazinga angoku okusetyenziswa, oovimba beuranium abanokusebenziseka banokuphela kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka, nangaphandle kokwandisa iinqanawa zenyukliya zehlabathi. Ngaphezu koko, inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-uranium ekhoyo ifumaneka kwi-ores ephantsi-concentration, ekwandisa ngakumbi i-carbon footprint kunye nokukhutshwa okuhambelana nokutsalwa kwayo.
Ngoko ke, Amandla enyukliya akanakuthathwa njengomthombo ohlaziyekayo, ekubeni imathiriyeli yayo ekrwada ayiphinda ihlaziywe ngesantya esilingana okanye esikhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi.
Iindleko zoqoqosho kunye nokukhuphisana xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlaziywa
Enye yeentsomi ezixhaphakileyo kukuba amandla enyukliya anexabiso eliphantsi.. Ngelixa iindleko zokusebenza kunye nokuvelisa ngekilowatt nganye zinokuba phantsi xa kuthelekiswa nokwakhiwa kweplanti, utyalo-mali lokuqala kwiziseko ezingundoqo luphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga.
Ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lombane (LCOE) lamandla enyukliya ngoku lidlula elo lohlaziyo, njengomoya we-onshore okanye i-photovoltaic yelanga kwinqanaba elikhulu. Ngaphaya koko, iiprojekthi ezininzi zenyukliya zinolibaziseko oluthatha amashumi eminyaka, iindleko ezinkulu, kunye neengxaki zemali.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba kutyalo-mali olufanayo olufunekayo kwimegawathi enye yamandla enyukliya, ukuya kutsho kwiimegawathi ezine zamandla ahlaziyekayo anokufakwa, ngaphandle kokuquka imiba eyongezelelweyo efana nolawulo lwenkunkuma okanye ukuphelisa ugunyaziso.
Ubume belizwe kunye nezopolitiko zamandla enyukliya
Umntu akanakuthetha ngamandla enyukliya ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ikhonkco lawo kubugcisa bomkhosi.. I-uranium etyetyisiweyo kunye ne-plutonium eveliswa kwiireactors zinokusetyenziswa, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ukwenza izixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukutyhubela imbali, amazwe aliqela aye aphuhlisa iinkqubo zawo zasemkhosini esebenzisa uphando okanye iactors zasekuhlaleni, emisela unxulumano olusondeleyo phakathi kobu bugcisa obunoxolo nomkhosi.
Nakumazwe angenazo iinkqubo zomkhosi ezibhengeziweyo, Ukuba nobugcisa benyukliya kunokubangela iingxaki kumazwe ngamazwe kwaye yandise imingcipheko yokwanda kwenyukliya. Ngesi sizathu, imibutho efana ne-IAEA igcina ulawulo olungqongqo kumaziko, izixhobo, kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nalo mthombo wamandla.
Ingaba amandla enyukliya adlala yiphi indima kutshintsho lwamandla?
Phakathi kobunzima bemozulu, Ezinye iingcali zithi amandla enyukliya asenokuba bububi obuyimfuneko. ukunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo ngelixa udibanisa izinto ezivuselelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ama-nuances amaninzi ekufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo.
IPhaneli yoRhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) Iqaphele ukuba ngelixa amandla enyukliya ephantsi kwizinto ezikhutshwayo ekusebenzeni, anezinye iimpembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo, ezinjengokwembiwa kwe-uranium, umngcipheko weengozi, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-thermal kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlabathi, kunye ne-radioactivity yexesha elide.
I-IPCC ikwahlele amandla enyukliya njengobuchwephesha obunelona galelo lisezantsi kwiiNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo ze-UN kunye. ekuphela kwayo enereyithingi engalunganga malunga nozinzo.
Okwangoku, iiprojekthi zokudibanisa inyukliya efana ne-ITER (iYurophu) okanye i-NIF (e-USA) ifuna ukuphuhlisa enye indlela ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo nehlala ixesha elide engena ntsalela. Nangona kunjalo, udibaniso lusenemingeni yetekhnoloji kwaye aluyi kufumaneka kwintengiso kwixesha elifutshane.
Amandla enyukliya akanakuthathwa njengesicombululo esiqinisekileyo, kodwa bubuchwephesha obuhlayo obuneendleko eziphezulu, iingozi, kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ukubeka phambili amandla avuselelekayo, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukuqhubela phambili iigridi ezihlakaniphile, kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokugcina kufuneka kube yindlela eya phambili kwinguqu yangempela kunye nekhuselekileyo.
Ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga namandla enyukliya ayibobuchule kuphela, kodwa ikwanokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko.. Ibandakanya ukwenza isigqibo sokuba sizimisele na ukuboleka izizukulwana ezizayo ngenkunkuma eqhumayo, sithathe iingozi ezinokubakho ezinokuyonakalisa yonke inkqubo yendalo, okanye sithembele kumthombo ngokwembali onxulunyaniswa neenjongo zomkhosi. Ukujongana nale ngxaki, amandla avuselelekayo ayaqhubeka ebonisa ulungelelwaniso olulungele ngakumbi kwimpilo yeplanethi noluntu.