Utshintsho lwelanga alulinganiswa kuphela ngofakelo olukhulu lweepaneli kuphahla lwezindlu kunye nemimandla yelanga, kodwa nangendlela esilawula ngayo ubomi babo obuluncedo kunye nokulahlwa okulandelayo. Ngomjikelo wobomi onokufikelela kwiminyaka engama-30, umbuzo ngoku ngowokuba, yintoni esiyenzayo ngezigidi zeephaneli eziya kuthi ekugqibeleni ziphelelwe lixesha? Ingqikelelo ephambili iza kudlala apha: Uqoqosho olujikelezayo.
Ukudibanisa uhlaziyo lwephaneli yelanga kwimodeli yoqoqosho lwesetyhula ayiyomfuneko nje yokusingqongileyo, lithuba lobuchule. Injongo icacile: ukunciphisa inkunkuma, ukubuyisela izinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wokusingqongileyo, ngelixa uvula i-niche entsha yokuthengisa kwicandelo lamandla avuselelekayo. Ukongeza, i ukukhuthaza uqoqosho lokusingqongileyo kubalulekile ekuphumezeni ezi njongo.
Uqoqosho olujikelezayo lusebenza kumandla elanga
Uqoqosho lwesetyhula lufuna ukwandisa ubomi obuluncedo beemveliso ngokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ziphinde zisetyenziswe, nokuyilwa ngokutsha ukuze kuncitshiswe inkunkuma. Kwimeko yeepaneli zelanga, oku akuthethi nje ukusebenzisa umbane abawuvelisayo amashumi eminyaka, kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba imathiriyeli yabo ibuyiswa kwaye iphinde ifakwe kwishishini xa ingasasebenzi. Ukuqonda ngcono ukubaluleka kolu qheliselo, unokufunda malunga indlela yokuhlaziya iimodyuli zelanga.
Iiphaneli zelanga zenziwe ngokukodwa ngeglasi (malunga ne-70%), i-aluminium, i-silicon, ubhedu, kunye neemali ezincinci zesinyithi ezifana nesilivere okanye i-indium. Zonke ezi zixhobo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona ukuba iinkqubo zenzelwe kakuhle kwaye ukuqokelela kunye neenkqubo zonyango zisebenza kakuhle.
Enkosi ekusebenziseni itekhnoloji evelayo kunye nenkqubela phambili kwi-logistics kunye ne-robotic disassembly, I-photovoltaic recycling iyayeka ukuba yi-utopia kwaye ibe yinyani esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho kunye neyimfuneko yokusingqongileyo.
Amalungu afumanekayo kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilisha
Xa i-solar panel ifikelela esiphelweni sobomi bayo obuluncedo, phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 nama-30, isenokuba luncedo ukuba isetyenziswe ngokutsha ngokufanelekileyo. Kukho iinkqubo zokwahlula iglasi, ukuqhaqha isakhelo se-aluminium, ukubuyisela i-silicon, ukukhupha isinyithi esifana nobhedu kunye nesilivere, kunye nokulahla ngokukhuselekileyo izinto ezinokuthi zibe yityhefu.
Iinkqubo ziquka izigaba ezininzi: ukuqokelela, ukuthuthwa, ukuchithwa komatshini kunye nokubuyiswa kweekhemikhali zezinto. Kwinqanaba lokuqhawula, umzekelo, iinkqubo ze-optical kunye ne-X-ray zisetyenziselwa ukwahlula izinto ngokuchaneka okuphezulu. Itekhnoloji ekwinqanaba eliphezulu elifana nekhemikhali yokuvuza kunye ne-electrodeposition iye isetyenziswe ukubuyisela izinto ezixabisekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga netekhnoloji yokurisayikilisha, ndincoma ukufunda malunga abangakuxeleliyo malunga neepaneli zelanga.
Ukubuyisela i-silicon Ibandakanya iinkqubo zokucoca ezivumela ukuba ziphinde zisetyenziswe ekwenzeni iipaneli ezintsha okanye, kwezinye iimeko, kwishishini lombane. Ukwengeza, ukukhutshwa kweentsimbi ezifana nesilivere okanye ubhedu Kuqhutyelwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-pyrometallurgical okanye i-electrochemical, okwenza inkqubo ibe nenzuzo.
Iindidi zeepaneli zelanga kunye nobunzima bazo bokuphinda zisetyenziswe
Ayizizo zonke iiphaneli zesola ezifanayo, kwaye oku kunempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela ezihlaziywa ngayo kunye nokuba kunzima kangakanani ukurisayikilishwa. Kukho amaqela amathathu amakhulu etekhnoloji:
- Iiphaneli zeMonocrystalline: Zenziwe ngekristale enye yesilicon, zisebenza ngakumbi kodwa zibiza kakhulu ukuphinda zisetyenziswe ngenxa yobume bazo obuntsonkothileyo.
- Iiphaneli zepolycrystalline: Ukusebenza kancinci, kodwa kulula ukudibanisa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe inxenye.
- Iiphaneli zefilimu ezincinci: Zibandakanya izinto ezifana ne-cadmium tellurium okanye ubhedu, i-indium, kunye ne-gallium selenide; zikhaphukhaphu kodwa zinokuqulatha iinxalenye eziyityhefu ekunzima ukuzohlula.
Ukongezelela, iipaneli ezivelayo ezifana neepaneli ze-bifacial okanye i-perovskite zenza imingeni emitsha. Eyangaphambili iqokelela ukukhanya kumacala omabini kwaye ifuna iindlela ezintsha zokuqhaqha, ngelixa le yokugqibela, isakhula, iphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwelothe okanye ezinye izinto eziyingozi.
Amabali empumelelo kunye nokutsha kwiManyano yaseYurophu
Izisombululo zobuvulindlela sele ziphunyezwa eYurophu, njengeprojekthi ye-PHOTORAMA exhaswa ngemali yi-EU. Le nkqubo iye yamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe ngendlela yayo entsha yokubuyisela iglasi, ialuminiyam, isilicon, isilivere, kunye ne-indium ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezilawulwayo nezizinzileyo. Iphuhlisa iiyunithi zokulinga ezivumela ukuchithwa komatshini kunye nokubuyiselwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokucoceka.
ESpeyin, amanyathelo afana neLa Hormiga Verde, exhaswa nguHolaluz, nayo ihamba phambili. Ngentsebenziswano nezibonelelo zentlalo kunye neenkqubo, bafikelela kumazinga okubuyisela asondele kwi-100%, ngelixa bekwadala imisebenzi yabantu abakhubazekileyo.
Isolar yokuqala Kukwabonakalisile ukuba kuyenzeka ngokobuchule nangokwezoqoqosho ukuseka iinkqubo zokurisayikilisha ezikwaziyo ukubuyisela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yemathiriyeli, enkosi kwiinkqubo zekhemikhali ezingangcolisi kangako kunye noyilo lwephaneli yeemodyuli.
Umthetho waseYurophu kunye neSpanish kunye nesakhelo solawulo
Ulawulo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekomelezeni uqoqosho lwesetyhula kwicandelo lelanga. I-European Union, nge-WEEE Directive 2012/19/EC, ifuna ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwe-85% yamacandelo ephaneli yelanga kwaye ifuna abavelisi ukuba baqokelele, baqhube, kwaye baphinde basebenzise ezi mveliso.
I-Spain iye yahlengahlengisa ezi zikhokelo nge-Royal Decree 110/2015, kubandakanywa iipaneli ze-photovoltaic njengodidi oluthile lwenkunkuma ye-elektroniki. Nangona kunjalo, unyango luhlala lusebenza ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezininzi kwaye lufuna ukucaciswa okukhulu ukujongana nomthamo okhulayo wenkunkuma yelanga.
Ukongeza, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weNguquko ye-Ecological ibandakanye le ndawo kwi-PERTE yaseSpain yeSetyhula yoQoqosho, kunye notyalo-mali lokuqala ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-euro ukuyila amaziko amatsha okurisayikilisha. Lo mzamo uhambelana namanyathelo azama ukuphucula uzinzo nozinzo ekufumaneni kwakhona izixhobo.
Imingeni yezoqoqosho kunye nemiqobo yezobuchwepheshe
Enye yemingeni ephawulekayo yibhalansi yezoqoqosho ye-photovoltaic recycling. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iindleko zothutho, ukudilizwa, kunye nokulungisa zidlula ingeniso yokuthengisa izinto ezifunyenweyo, ukutyhafisa utyalo-mali ngaphandle koncedo lukawonke-wonke okanye inkuthazo yerhafu.
Ukungabikho kwemithetho efanayo yehlabathi nako kuyenza ibe nzima imeko. Ngelixa iYurophu iqhubela phambili ngemigaqo, amazwe afana ne-United States asangenayo imithetho yomanyano egunyazisa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe okucwangcisiweyo, nangona amazwe athile afana neCalifornia ethathe inyathelo lokuqala.
Ngokwembono yobugcisa, Ukuphathwa kwezixhobo ezinobungozi, amandla afunekayo ukwahlula amacandelo, kunye nokungabikho kwezityalo zonyango ezikhethekileyo kwimimandla emininzi. kuhlala kukho imiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo, enokuthi ichaniswe nentsingiselo yangoku nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye neenzuzo zentlalo noqoqosho
Ukurisayikilisha iiphaneli zesola kunciphisa ukutsalwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada, kunciphisa inkunkuma eyityhefu kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, kwaye kudala imisebenzi. Iinkampani ezigxile ekubuyiseni izinto, ulungiselelo, ukulungiswa, kunye nokuhlaziya ziyavela, ziphembelela inkqubo yendalo eluhlaza.
Ngokutsho kwe-IRENA, ixabiso elinokubakho lemathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo ingadlula I-15.000 yezigidi ze-euro ngo-2050, inani elinokuguqula eli candelo libe lishishini eliphambili kwinguqu yamandla yehlabathi. Ngaphaya koko, ukusebenzisa kwakhona amacandelo kunciphisa iindleko zokugqibela zemveliso yeepaneli ezintsha, kuzenze zifikeleleke ngakumbi.
Kukwakho namathuba okusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kweephaneli ezisebenza kancinci kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye kumazwe asaphuhlayo, ukukhuthaza ukufikelela kumbane ngelixa kusandiswa ubomi obuluncedo bemveliso.
Ukuya kwimodeli ezinzileyo kunye nesetyhula
Ukutyhalela phambili kobuchwephesha obucocekileyo kufuneka kukhatshwe zizicwangciso ezijongana nesiphelo somjikelo wobomi babo. Imikhwa emitsha ikhomba ukuyila ukuphinda isetyenziswe, ukuchithwa kweemodyuli, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingangcolisi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba impembelelo yokusingqongileyo igcinwa phantsi kolawulo ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni kwemveliso.
Ngaphezu koko, intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, amaphulo emfundo, kunye nezivumelwano phakathi kweenkampani kunye noorhulumente ziya kubaluleka ekuhlanganiseni uqoqosho olujikelezayo kumandla elanga. Ngokubethelela ulwazi lwabemi kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo ezivuzayo, singakwazi ukulinganisa imodeli apho uzinzo lungekho ngaphandle, kodwa luqhelekileyo.
Ukurisayikilisha iiphaneli zesola kubonisa zombini umceli mngeni kunye nethuba elihle lekamva lamandla ehlabathi. Ukwamkela iimodeli zesetyhula akuqinisekisi kuphela ukuxhomekeka okuncinci kwimithombo yendalo, kodwa kukwakhuthaza amashishini amatsha, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi eluhlaza, kwaye komeleza ukuzibophelela kwethu kokusingqongileyo. Ngentando yezopolitiko, ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nokwazisa okuhlangeneyo, kuyenzeka ukuguqula inkunkuma yethu yelanga ibe yinjini yenguqu yamandla esempilweni, elinganayo, kunye nenengeniso ngakumbi.
