Las iibhoyila zegesi, exhaphake kangaka kumawakawaka amakhaya, ibonwa yiEuropean Union. Ngemvume yakutshanje yemimiselo emitsha efana ne I-Energy Efficiency Directive kunye ne-ajenda ye-2030 ifuna ukuguqula iinkqubo zomoya womoya ngokubhekiselele ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwiminyaka ezayo kuya kubakho utshintsho oluphawulekayo oluya kuchaphazela abathengi kunye namashishini abandakanyekayo.
Olu tshintsho lukhulu lukhuthazwa yimfuno yokuphumeza iinjongo ze-European Green Deal kunye Isivumelwano saseParis, izitshixo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngama-55% ngaphambi kowama-2030. Ukunikezelwa kule meko, kubalulekile ukwazi imihla ephambili kunye nezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa iibhoyili zegesi ukwenzela ukulungelelanisa oko kuza.
Ukuphela kweebhoyili zegesi: imihla kunye nemimiselo
Imigaqo yaseYurophu iseka uluhlu lwezigaba eziphawula ngaphambi nangemva kokusetyenziswa kweebhoyili zegesi. Utshintsho lwaqala nge ukuthintela, ukusuka kwi-2025, ukunika uncedo lwemali yokufakelwa kweenkqubo ezisekelwe kumafutha e-fossil. Lo mlinganiso usebenza kwiibhoyila zegesi, idizili kunye namalahle, ukunikezela ngenkxaso-mali kubuchwephesha obuzinzileyo obufana nobu. iimpompo ubushushu kunye neenkqubo thermal yelanga.
Ukusuka kwi-2026, entsha izindlu Abayi kukwazi ukufaka iibhoyili zegesi. Eli nyathelo libalulekileyo lifuna ukukhuthaza ukufakelwa kombane wokufudumeza kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe amandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngokutsho kwedatha esemthethweni, i-42% yamakhaya aseSpain asebenzisa igesi yendalo, ebonisa impembelelo eya kuba nayo la manyathelo kubemi.
Ngo-2028, zonke Izakhiwo zoluntu kufuneka ingathathi hlangothi kwimozulu. Oku kubandakanya uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lomjikelo wobomi bayo ngokweempembelelo zokusingqongileyo, ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwayo ukuya ekulahlweni kwezinto. Ngo-2030, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kuya kwandiswa kubo bonke izakhiwo ezitsha zokuhlala, ukukhawulezisa inguqu ukuya kwiinkqubo ezivuselelekayo.
Ithini i-EU Energy Efficiency Directive?
I-Energy Efficiency Directive (EU 2023/1791) yinxalenye yomthetho 'Fit for 55', kwaye iseka. iinjongo zamabhongo ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhuthaza amandla ahlaziyekayo. Phakathi kweenjongo zayo eziphawulekayo yi ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla okugqibela nge-11,7% ngo-2030, ukuthatha amanqanaba ka-2020 njengesalathiso.
Onke amazwe akwiManyano yaseYurophu kufuneka ahlaziye izicwangciso zamandla esizwe kunye nemozulu, echaza indlela abaza kuziphumeza ngayo ezi njongo. Amanyathelo abandakanya uphuculo kwi ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwezakhiwo, ukusasazwa kwamandla avuselelekayo anje nge-aerothermal energy, kunye nokulwa nentlupheko yamandla ngokukhuthaza iiteknoloji ezifikelelekayo kubo bonke abemi.
Zeziphi ezinye iindlela ezithatha indawo yezibiyeli zegesi?
Enye ye uninzi olunyusiweyo endaweni yoko yi-EU yimpompo yobushushu, ebalaseleyo ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukuyisebenzisa Imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo. Le nkqubo inokuvelisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4 kWh yobushushu kwi-kWh nganye yombane osetyenzisiweyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yindlela yoqoqosho nezinzileyo kwixesha elide.
Amandla e-aerothermal, uhlobo oluthile lwempompo yobushushu, lufumana umhlaba njengoko isisombululo esifanelekileyo kumakhaya amaninzi. Ufakelo lwayo lokuqala lunokubiza kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya kwi-1.500 yee-euro ngokuxhomekeke kwimodeli kunye nomthamo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi ihlawulela iindleko zokuqala. Nabo bayanyuselwa itekhnoloji ye-hybrid ezidibanisa iinkqubo zokufudumeza kunye nemithombo yamandla elanga okanye i-hydrogen eluhlaza.
Impembelelo kubathengi
Kwabo sele benebhoyila yegesi ekhaya, akukho mfuneko yangoko ye-alamu. Ezi zinokuqhubeka zisetyenziswa kude kube ngu-2035 ubuncinane, ngaphandle kokuba la manyathelo alandelayo athathiweyo: uphononongo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ibhoyili ifuna ukutshintshwa, abayi kuphinda bafumane inkuthazo yezemali ukwenza njalo ngenye inkqubo yegesi.
Kubalulekile ukuba abathengi bazi malunga ne ukutsalwa kwerhafu ekhoyo ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kumakhaya enu. Ngokomzekelo, eSpain, urhulumente uvumela ukutsalwa kwerhafu phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-60% yotyalo-mali olwenziwe kwimisebenzi enciphisa inkcitho yamandla okanye ukuphucula ukuhlelwa kwamandla yepropati.
Izibonelelo zenguqu kumandla ahlaziyekayo
Ukukhetha iisistim zokupholisa umoya ezisekelwe kumandla ahlaziyekayo akuncedi kuphela ekuthotyelweni iinjongo zemozulu yehlabathi, kodwa ikwamele a ukonga kakhulu kumatyala amandla. Iimpompo zobushushu kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zinciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kwirhasi kunye namanye amafutha efosili, ezichatshazelwa ngakumbi kukuguquguquka kwexabiso kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukongeza, olu tshintsho lukhuthaza i uzinzo kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye nezinye iigesi eziyingozi. Ngokutsho kwe I-Arhente yaMandla yeHlabathiI-gas boilers i-akhawunti ye-10% ye-carbon dioxide emissions yehlabathi, ngoko ukutshintshwa kwabo kunempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo kumgangatho womoya kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Kwimeko-bume ekhawulezayo yokukhupha ikhabhoni, kubalulekile ukuba sihlale siphezu kwemithetho kwaye sihlengahlengise izigqibo zethu kwizinto zokwenene ezintsha. Nangona utyalo-mali lokuqala kubuchwephesha obufana namandla e-aerothermal lunokubonakala luphezulu, izibonelelo zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo zenza kube yinto ekhangayo kunye nozinzo kwixesha elizayo.