La Ukhuseleko lwenyukliya oluthintelwayo Sele ingumba ophambili kumaqumrhu alawulayo, ii-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho, abasebenzi bezempilo, kunye neengcali zokhuseleko loluntu kwihlabathi liphela. Kunokuba ibe ngumba wobugcisa kuphela, ubandakanya uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nenkcubeko yokhuseleko eyendele nzulu kuyo yonke imibutho esebenza ngezixhobo zokusasazeka ngemitha okanye izixhobo zenyukliya.
Kulo mongo, oku kulandelayo kuye kwavela izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe, iindibano zocweyo zobugcisa kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho Ezi zifundo zibandakanya yonke into ukusuka kuthintelo lwengozi kwizibonelelo zeradiyoloji ukuya kwimilinganiselo echasene nezoyikiso zangaphakathi, kubandakanywa ukukhuselwa kwabasebenzi abavezwe kwi-ionizing radiation okanye i-CBRN (i-Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear). Eli nqaku linika isishwankathelo esicacileyo solu qeqesho kunye nezona ndlela zokuthintela ezisetyenziswayo ngoku.
Uqeqesho oluvunywe yi-CSN kunye namaqumrhu akhethekileyo
ESpain, inxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yi ukuvunywa kwamaqumrhu oqeqesho yi IBhunga lezoKhuseleko lweNyukliya (CSN)Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba izifundo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno eziyimfuneko zobugcisa nezolawulo ekusebenzeni kummandla wenyukliya kunye neradiyoloji. Esi satifikethi sisebenza kuzo zombini izibonelelo ze-radioactive kunye nezixhobo zonyango zeX-reyi.
Ngaphakathi izibonelelo ze-radioactiveKukho iinkqubo ezijoliswe kubasebenzi kunye nabaphathi abafuna ukufumana okanye ukuhlaziya iziqinisekiso zabo ezisemthethweni. Ezi zifundo, zihlaziywa ngamaxesha athile (umzekelo, ngoMatshi ka-2025), zibandakanya izihloko ezifana neziseko zokhuseleko lwemitha, imimiselo, ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwemithombo ye-radioactive, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nokuphendula ngeziganeko, zonke zigxininise kakhulu ekuthinteleni ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Kwintsimi ye IiX-reyi zonyangoI-CSN ikwavuma iikhosi zokufumana iziqinisekiso zabasebenzi kunye nabalawuli bezibonelelo zeradiyodiagnostic. Oku kuquka iinkqubo zoxilongo lweradiyo ngokubanzi kwakunye noxilongo lweradiyo lwamazinyo okanye lwe-podiatric, oluvumela amagcisa okhathalelo lwempilo ukuba afumane izakhono eziyimfuneko zokulawula okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo zeX-reyi ngokhuseleko kunye nemilinganiselo yokwandisa ithamo.
Ukongeza kwiikhosi ezipheleleyo, zikhona izifundo ezivunyiweyo Ezi nkqubo zidityaniswe kwizidanga zaseyunivesithi okanye zesidanga sokuqala, ezivumela abafundi ukuba bafumane ulwamkelo ngokuthe ngqo njengabalawuli bamaziko jikelele, amazinyo, okanye amaziko oxilongo lwerediyo. Lo mzekelo udibanisa inkcubeko yokhuseleko ngemitha kuqeqesho olusesikweni lweengcali zexesha elizayo.
Ecaleni kwezi nkqubo zivunyiweyo, kukho a uluhlu olubanzi lwamaqumrhu ezibonelela ngoqeqesho olukhethekileyo lobuchwephesha olunxulumene nomjikelo wenyukliya kunye nokhuseleko lweradiyoloji, uninzi lwazo olufikelela kumazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu kweli candelo.
Imibutho engundoqo kunye nemimandla yoqeqesho lwenyukliya
Amathuba oqeqesho kwimiba yenyukliya neyeradiyoloji Ibanzi kwaye yahlukeneyo, kwaye iqhutywa ziinkampani ezikwicandelo, kunye neeyunivesithi, amaziko ophando, kunye nemibutho yobuchwephesha. Phakathi kwamaqumrhu abalaseleyo adweliswe kwizifundo ezifundiswayo ziinkampani ezifana neTECNATOM SA, GD Energy Services SAU, Enusa Industrias Avanzadas SA, kunye ne-Equipos Nucleares SA (ENSA), kunye nemibutho efana neSpanish Nuclear Industry Forum kunye neCOMPAÑÍA INTERNACIONAL DE PROTECCIÓNÓNÓNÓN, (PROINSA).
Kwakhona amaziko ophando kunye neeyunivesithi Badlala indima ebalulekileyo: I-CIEMAT, iYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseMadrid, iYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseValencia, iYunivesithi yaseBasque Country, iYunivesithi yaseHuelva, iYunivesithi yaseCarlos III, kunye neYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseCatalonia, phakathi kwabanye. Bonke bathatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo apho ukhuseleko lwenyukliya kunye nokhuseleko lweradiyoloji lothintelo zizinto ezibalulekileyo zekharityhulam.
Kwimeko yoshishino, uqeqesho lubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezihloko: imigodi yeuranium kunye nokuveliswa kwezigxininisi, ukudilizwa kwezibonelelo zemigodi kunye nemizi-mveliso yentsimbi ekrwada, uvavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo, ulungiselelo kunye nokuthuthwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya nemitha yokusasazeka ngemitha, okanye iinkonzo zokuphatha amafutha eradiation, ukukhankanya ezimbalwa.
Eminye imigca yoqeqesho ibandakanya ukwenziwa kwamafutha enyukliya (iinkqubo ezithile zokuvelisa kunye nokuhlola, ulawulo olubanzi lomgangatho kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifana neSix Sigma, ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo, imiba yabantu, ulawulo lwamaxwebhu, ukukhuselwa ngemitha yemitha kunye nokulawulwa kwenkunkuma) kunye nokuhlolwa kwimizila yamafutha enyukliya enemitha, kunye nobuchule obuphambili obufana ne-eddy currents, i-ultrasound okanye umbono womatshini.
Ngokunjalo, oku kulandelayo kuba yimfuneko ukubonakaliswa kwamafutha eradiated Kwiiseli ezishushu, uphononongo lwesiqulatho se-isotopic kunye nophando lokuziphatha kwamafutha kwiireactor zovavanyo lwemathiriyeli ikwayinxalenye yolu phando. Le mimandla incediswa ngezifundo ezibalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo lokukhusela, oluyimfuneko ekuchazeni amanyathelo okuthintela ukuphepha iingozi ezinobungozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhusela kunika ukhuseleko olwaneleyo kwi-radiation.
Ukhuselo lweCBRN kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko ezibanzi
Phakathi kweenkqubo zoqeqesho ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ikhosi ethile ibalasele Inyathelo kunye noKhuseleko ngokuchasene neearhente zeCBRNOlu qeqesho luyilelwe ukunika abafundi ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngenyukliya, ngemitha, ngokwebhayoloji, kunye nezoyikiso zemichiza. Ayijoliswanga kumagcisa enyukliya kuphela kodwa ikwajoliswe kwiingcali zokhuseleko zikawonke-wonke nezabucala.
Inkqubo, emalunga nomthwalo wokufundisa we Iiyure ezingama-75 zethiyori kunye nokuziqhelanisa (elingana neekhredithi ezi-3 ze-ECTS), ihanjiswa kwi-intanethi malunga neeveki ezintathu, ivumela abafundi ukuba balungelelanise ixesha labo lokufunda. Ishedyuli ikholisa ukuseta imihla ethile yokuqala (umzekelo, ekuqaleni kukaMatshi), kunye nemihla yokugqibela ecacileyo yokungeniswa kwezabelo kunye nezikhokelo zokwandiswa okunokwenzeka.
Kwicala lezoqoqosho, izifundo zijikeleze 105 eurongezaphulelo kubhaliso lwesibini ukuba umfundi akaphumeleli umzamo wokuqala. Le ndlela ijolise ekuququzeleleni ukufikelela kuqeqesho ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuqina kovavanyo lwezakhono, inkalo ephambili kwimiba yokhuseleko.
Umxholo wethiyori ubonelela ngombono ofanayo nalowo ufunyenweyo Iingcali ze-NBC ezivela kuMkhosi oxhobileyo, uMkhosi woLuntu kunye noKhuseleko loLuntuLe khosi ijongana neemeko ezinokubakho zokusetyenziswa kweearhente ze-CBRN kuzo zombini iimfazwe kunye nohlaselo lwabanqolobi. Injongo kukuba abafundi bafunde ukuhlalutya ezi meko kwaye baqonde iziphumo ezinokubakho zohlobo ngalunye lwesisongelo.
Iimfuno zokungena zihlala zivulekile, ngaphandle kokufuna iziqinisekiso ezithile zangaphambili, nangona indlela yoqeqesho yenzelwe abantu ababandakanyeka kukhuseleko, iimeko zikaxakeka okanye ukhuseleko loluntu abanqwenela ukwandisa amandla abo kulawulo lomngcipheko we-CBRN.
Ubume bezifundo ze-CBRN ngeeveki kunye nobuchule
Inxalenye yokuqala yekhosi igxile kwi ukhuselo lwenyukliya nolwemithaIVeki yoku-1 ibandakanya iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko, iintlobo zezixhobo zenyukliya, iintlobo zobunqolobi benyukliya, kunye nobhaqo ngemitha ngemitha, ukhuseleko, kunye neenkqubo zokuphelisa ungcoliseko. Ikwavavanya usetyenziso olunoxolo lwamandla enyukliya ukulungisa imingcipheko kwezonyango, kwimizi-mveliso nakwizibonelelo zokuvelisa amandla.
Kulo Iveki ye-2 Ugxininiso lutshintshela kukhuseleko lwebhayoloji. Ingqikelelo yemfazwe yebhayoloji yaziswa, iiarhente zebhayoloji zihlelwa, kwaye iziphumo zazo kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo ziyahlalutywa. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo inikezelwe kwi-bioterrorism kunye neenkqubo zokubona, ukuchonga, kunye nokukhusela ezi arhente, kugxininiswa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo zokucupha ubhubhane kunye nolungelelwaniso nabasemagunyeni kwezempilo.
La Iveki ye-3 Ijolise ekukhuseleni imichiza. Ifunda imfazwe yeekhemikhali, ulwahlulo lweearhente zeekhemikhali ezinobundlongondlongo kunye neziphumo zazo, kunye nokubhaqa, ukuchongwa, ukukhuselwa, kunye nobuchule bokuphelisa ungcoliseko. Into ephambili kukuphathwa kweziganeko ezinobungozi (i-HMI), ebaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko loluntu kunye neenkonzo ezingxamisekileyo ezisabela kwiingozi zezothutho okanye iziganeko kwishishini lemichiza.
Ngokwembono esekelwe kubuchule, abafundi bafumana isakhono soku Chonga imingcipheko ehambelana neziganeko ze-CBRNUkuqonda iindlela ezikhoyo zokubona kunye nokukhusela, kunye nokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Konke oku kunegalelo ekomelezeni inkcubeko yokuthintela ngaphakathi kwimibutho apho basebenza khona.
Ngokumalunga namathuba emisebenzi, ulwazi olufunyenweyo luluncedo kakhulu amalungu okhuseleko lwabucala, imikhosi yokhuseleko karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu kunye nabasebenzi abadityaniswe neenkonzo zokhuseleko loluntu, nangona zinokuba nexabiso kuye nabani na onomdla kulawulo lwengozi ephezulu.
Iziqinisekiso, ukubhaliswa kunye nohlobo lokufundisa
Ekugqityweni kolu hlobo lweprogram, umfundi unokufumana a idiploma yezakhono kunye nezatifikethi zezifundo Ezi zatifikethi zikhutshwa ngamaziko okhuseleko akhethekileyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ngokusebenzisana neziseko zeyunivesiti. Ngokuqhelekileyo zikhutshwa ngefomathi ye-elektroniki ecacileyo kwaye, kwiimeko ezithile, zibandakanya intlawulo encinci yokukhutshwa.
Kufanelekile ukugxininisa ukuba, kwiimeko ezininzi, ngumcimbi iimfundiso ezingekho semthethweni nezingakhokheleli ngokuthe ngqo kwisidanga esisemthethweni saseyunivesithi okanye isatifikethi sobungcali, nangona zibonelela ngesiqinisekiso esixatyiswe kakhulu kumacandelo athile kwaye zincedisana noqeqesho olusesikweni lweengcali.
Inkqubo yobhaliso ngokuqhelekileyo ilula: okokuqala, i ukubhaliswa eqongeni okanye kwikhampasi virtualUbhaliso luqinisekiswa ngokongeza ikhosi kwinqwelo yokuthenga. Iindlela zokuhlawula ezamkelweyo ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka ukudluliselwa kwebhanki kunye nezisombululo zedijithali ezifana ne-Amazon Pay, i-Google Pay, i-Apple Pay, okanye i-PayPal, iququzelela ukufikelela kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, nceda ujonge ngezantsi. abafowunelwa okanye amakhonkco Iifom ziyafumaneka apho amaqela anomdla angacela iinkcukacha malunga nomxholo, ishedyuli, ukufundiswa, kunye neemfuno zobugcisa zoqeqesho lwe-intanethi. Le nkxaso yokuqala ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bayaliqonda inqanaba lokuqina kunye nendlela ephathekayo yeprogram phambi kokubhalisa.
Yonke le miba yezolawulo nezemfundo yomeleza imbono ephambili: Uqeqesho kukhuseleko lwenyukliya lufuna ulungelelwaniso olungqongqoIinkqubo zovavanyo ezichazwe kakuhle kunye neendlela ezicacileyo zoqinisekiso ezibonelela ngokuzithemba kubafundi nakumaziko abaqeshayo.
Iinkomfa kunye nezifundo zeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu lweSizwe
Enye into ephambili ekuthinteleni umngcipheko wempembelelo ephezulu iiseshoni zoqeqesho kunye nemisebenzi ekhuthazwa yiNkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu lweSizweEzi ntshukumo zijolise kootitshala, abafundi kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, abasebenzi bokusebenza kunye nolawulo, kwaye zenziwa ngokubona kunye nangevidiyo.
Omnye umzekelo ngu iinkomfa ngeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu lweSizwe Ezi khosi zijolise kumaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi wokhuselo loluntu, kunye nemihla yokuqala neyokuphela igxile kusuku olunye. Ngokuqhelekileyo zigcinwe kwiindawo zeSikolo seSizwe soKhuseleko loLuntu (ENPC) kwaye zenzelwe ukuqhelanisa ootitshala nabafundi kunye nesakhelo somthetho, isakhiwo sombutho, kunye noxanduva lweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekayo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.
Iindibano zocweyo ezithile nazo ziyaququzelelwa ukuzikhusela kunye nolawulo olungxamisekileyo kwicandelo likaloliweLe misebenzi, enokuhlala iintsuku ezimbini, ijolise kubasebenzi abavela kwiNkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu lweSizwe. Bagubungela izicwangciso zokuzikhusela kwizikhululo, ukulawulwa kwesiganeko ngezinto ezinobungozi, kunye nokulungelelaniswa nezinye iinkonzo zongxamiseko.
Icandelo elibaluleke kakhulu ziiseshoni ezinikezelwe kwi abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-Operation Crossing the StraitEzi seshoni zoqeqesho, ezibanjelwe kwizixeko ezifana neCeuta, i-Alicante, i-Algeciras, i-Motril, ne-Almería, zijoliswe kubasebenzi bokukhusela abantu ababandakanyekayo ekuququzeleleni ukuhamba kwabantu kunye neenqwelo phakathi kweYurophu kunye neNyakatho Afrika, ngenjongo yokomeleza ukuthintela iziganeko kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza.
Olu nikezelo luncediswa zezinye iziganeko ezifana nezo zinikezelwe kwi inyathelo lokugweba kwiimeko zikaxakeka kunye neentlekeleEzi zifundo, ezijoliswe kubasebenzi bolawulo lweNkqubo yoKhuseleko loLuntu lweSizwe, ukuhlalutya indima yabagwebi, abatshutshisi, kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba bezomthetho kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweenkonzo zokungenelela, okubalulekileyo xa iziganeko zibandakanya ingozi ye-radiological okanye imichiza.
Izifundo phakathi kwemimandla malunga nezoyikiso zangaphakathi kwizixhobo zenyukliya
Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, enye yeenkqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lwenyukliya ibe yi Ikhosi yoQeqesho lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngamaNyathelo oThintelo kunye noKhuseleko ngokuchasene nezoyikiso zangaphakathi., ebanjwe eLima kwaye ixhaswe yi-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ngokuthatha inxaxheba kweengcali ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Le khosi idibanise iingcali eziphuma kumazwe ahlukeneyo njengeRussia, i-Indiya, i-Albania, iLithuania, iBulgaria, iRomania, i-Egypt, i-Iraq, i-Indonesia, i-Ukraine, ne-Peru, phantsi kolungelelwaniso lwamagosa asekuhlaleni enyukliya. Eyona njongo iphambili yayikukuxhobisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngezixhobo zokuchonga nokuvavanya iintshaba ezinokubakho zangaphakathi kwisixhobo senyukliya: abantu abanofikelelo olusemthethweni, bekhuthazwa zizizathu zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, zovakalelo okanye ngokwasengqondweni, abanakho ukuba imathiriyeli yenyukliya okanye ukonakalisa iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo.
Ngexesha leeseshoni zethiyori, inkcazo ye "insider", inkuthazo yabo enokwenzeka, iprofayile yabo yokuziphatha, kunye neendlela zokuqonda kunye nokuqonda. ukubona ukuziphatha okungaqhelekangaAbathathi-nxaxheba bafunde ukuchonga iithagethi ezinobuzaza kwisixhobo senyukliya ukuze kuphunyezwe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuthintela nokukhusela.
Ikhosi ibandakanya uphononongo oluneenkcukacha amatyala okwenyani okonakaliswa nokubiwa kwezinto zenyukliyaImizekelo ibandakanya uhlaselo lweziko lamandla enyukliya eMzantsi Afrika, ukubiwa kweekhilogram ezininzi zeuranium etyetyiselwe kakhulu kwiziko laseRashiya, kunye nohlaselo lwendawo yokugcina imathiriyeli yomgangatho womkhosi ePelindaba. Ukuhlalutya ezi ziganeko kuvumela ukuchongwa kobuthathaka kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko lomzimba kunye nokuphuhliswa kokuphuculwa kokuthintela.
Ngaxeshanye, a utyelelo lobugcisa kwiziko lenyukliya apho i uphuculo olwenziwe Ukomeleza ukhuseleko lomzimba, kuzo zombini ii-reactors kunye nangaphezulu kweshumi elinesibini kwezinye izibonelelo ze-radioactive ezifanelekileyo kuzwelonke. Indima yoncedo lwezobuchwepheshe oluvela kwi-IAEA kunye neSebe lezaMandla lase-US ekuxhaseni ngemali kunye nokuxhasa olu phuculo lwachazwa.
Izifundo ezifundiweyo, ukhuseleko lomzimba kunye nokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity
Ubungqina bamagcisa athathe inxaxheba kule khosi yeengingqi buqaqambisa ukubaluleka a indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuvavanya izoyikiso zangaphakathiUkusuka kwimbono yokhuseleko olupheleleyo lomzimba, kuyaqondwa ukuba olu qeqesho lusebenza ukuphonononga kunye nokuhlaziya iinkqubo zangaphakathi, ukuzilungelelanisa neengcebiso zamazwe ngamazwe ze-IAEA.
Abahloli bolawulo bagxininisa ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo yokhuseleko olubonakalayo kwiziko lenyukliya Kufuneka ilungiselelwe ukujongana nezisongelo zangaphandle (zangaphandle) kunye nezangaphakathi (zangaphakathi). Ikhosi yenze ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bachaze ngokuchanekileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezoyikiso zangaphakathi, babonise indlela yokuvavanya inkqubo ekhoyo yokhuseleko lomzimba, kunye nokuchonga ubuthathaka obunokusetyenziswa.
Enye inkalo echaphazelekayo yile ukhuseleko lwezona ndawo zinovakalelo lwesixhobo senyukliyaOku kuphunyezwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamanyathelo okubona, iinkqubo zokulibaziseka, kunye nemikhosi yokuphendula eqeqeshwe kakuhle. Kuyagxininiswa ukuba olu phuculo akufunekanga luyilwe kuphela kodwa luphunyezwe ngokuzinzileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kunye nezibonelelo ezaneleyo zokugcina nokuhlaziya izixhobo kunye neenkqubo.
Phakathi kwemixholo eyathi yagxininiswa ngabathathi-nxaxheba yaba yile Ukhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity lusetyenziswa kumaziko enyukliyakunye neenkqubo zokuchonga uhlaziyo olusebenza ngokwenene kwiinkqubo zokhuselo. Ukudityaniswa kolawulo kunye neenkqubo zokucupha kunye nothungelwano lonxibelelwano kwenza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukudibanisa i-cybersecurity kwisicwangciso sokhuseleko somzimba jikelele.
Abazimasi bayavuma ukuba ukuqhubeka nemfundo kwizifundo zolu hlobo Kubalulekile ekomelezeni izakhono zabasebenzi kunye nokugcina qwaba malunga nezoyikiso ezivelayo. Indibaniselwano yethiyori, imizekelo yezifundo, kunye notyelelo lobugcisa lunika ukuqonda okubanzi kwemingeni yehlabathi lokwenyani.
Izifundo zezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nenkcubeko yothintelo yehlabathi
Kwinqanaba elicwangcisiweyo ngakumbi, kukwakho nezifundo ezijongene noku iingozi zezixhobo zenyukliya ngokwembono yehlabathiukumema ukucinga ngendima yayo njengesisongelo esikhoyo eluntwini kunye namanyathelo anokuthi athathwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko.
Enye yezi nkqubo, inikwe phantsi kwesihloko esithi “Ukuhlala kuMda weNyukliya: Izolo nanamhlanje”Inkqubo ijolise ekuboniseni ukuba imingcipheko yenyukliya asiyonto yakudala, kodwa ihleli ikhoyo. Abafundi banethuba lokuxoxa ngobume bezixhobo zenyukliya, iimfundiso zokuthintela, kunye neemeko zokunyuka ngengozi okanye ngabom kunye neengcali zamazwe ngamazwe kunye noontanga abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Ifilosofi esemva kwezi ntlobo zezifundo ishenxa kuqeqesho oluchazayo. Injongo kukuba hayi kuphela ukubonelela ngedatha kunye nembalikodwa nokukhuthaza abathabathi-nxaxheba ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekuthotyweni kwezixhobo, kulawulo lwezixhobo, kwidiplomacy okanye kumanyathelo okufikelela eluntwini, ukuqinisa uluvo lokuba nayiphi na ingcaphephe inokuba negalelo ekunciphiseni ukubakho kwentlekele yenyukliya.
Ezi ziqulatho zinxulumana nemithetho-siseko yothintelo lokhuseleko lwenyukliya ngokugxininisa imfuneko yokuba izenzo ezihlangeneyo nezomntu ngamnye ukusuka kuxinzelelo lwezivumelwano ezingqongqo zamazwe ngamazwe ukuya ekuphuculweni kokuselubala kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ngale ndlela, a umbono obanzi apho uthintelo alusetyenziswanga kuphela kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha beziko okanye isibhedlele, kodwa nakwinkalo yezopolitiko, yezentlalo neyezemfundo, ethi ikhulise impembelelo yoqeqesho lokhuseleko lwenyukliya.
Uthintelo lwemingcipheko yomsebenzi kwiradiology kunye namayeza enyukliya
Kwimeko yokhathalelo lwempilo, ukwanda kwe iingozi emsebenzini kunye nokutyhileka ngokungeyomfuneko Ikhuthaze uphuhliso lweenkqubo zoqeqesho ezikhethekileyo kumagcisa kwiradiology, iradiodiagnosis, kunye namayeza enyukliya. Ingcamango icace gca: kuphela ngokudityaniswa kwangempela kokuthintela kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunokuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko lweengcali kunye nezigulane.
Ukupapashwa kwe Umthetho wama-31/1995 woThintelo loMngcipheko eMsebenzini nohlaziyo lwalo olwalandelayo lwaphawula inguquko. Ukususela ngoko, kuye kwaba yimfuneko ukuyila imigaqo-nkqubo yothintelo kuwo onke amacandelo, kwaye kwicandelo lokhathalelo lwempilo ngokukodwa, apho ukuvezwa kwimitha ye-ionizing kufuna iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokhuseleko.
Iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezijolise kwezi ngcali zidibanisa umxholo wethiyori kunye nokusebenza kunye nenjongo ecacileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba igcisa liyisebenzisa rhoqo. amanyathelo afanelekileyo okukhusela (iifaskoti ezikhokelayo, izithintelo, ukungqubana, ukulungelelaniswa kweparamitha, ukulawulwa kwexesha lokuvezwa) ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokonzakala emsebenzini kunye nezifo.
Izinto ezandisa amathuba okuba neengozi okanye ukuvezwa ngokungafanelekanga, zombini kwizibhedlele kunye neendawo ezingekho esibhedlele, zihlalutywa, kwaye izicwangciso zicetywayo zokunciphisa ezi zinto ngombutho womsebenzi, ukugcinwa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, kunye Ukubekwa esweni kwedosimetric ngamaxesha.
Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi onzima uyenziwa inkcubeko yokhuseleko kwiradiology kunye neenkonzo zamayeza enyukliyaOku kuqondwa njengeseti yezimo zengqondo, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni, kunye nokuziphatha okubeka phambili ukhuseleko ngaphezu kwemveliso okanye uxinzelelo lwexesha. Le nkcubeko ikhuthazwa ngoqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okusebenzayo kwabasebenzi ekuphuculeni iinkqubo.
Umyalelo waseYurophu wokukhuselwa kwi-ionizing radiation kunye neeworkshops zeHERCA
Kwinqanaba lolawulo lwaseYurophu, ukusetyenziswa kwe IDirectiva kwimigangatho yokhuseleko esisiseko yokhuseleko iingozi ezivela kwi-ionizing radiation Oku kukhokelele kwiindibano zocweyo kunye neesemina zamazwe ngamazwe ezijolise ekungqinelaniseni imigaqo phakathi kwamazwe. Esinye sezi ziganeko ziququzelelwe yi-European Association of Competent Authorities for Radiation Protection (HERCA) kwaye ibanjwe ngokubambisana ne-CSN.
Le semina yamazwe ngamazwe igxile kwindlela i-European Directive (EU-BSSD) ehlanganiswe ngayo kwimimiselo yolawulo yelizwe, ukuhlalutya izikhewu, ukungacaciswani, kunye nobunzima obufunyenwe ngabalawuli kwiminyaka. Injongo kukwabelana ngamava kunye nokufuna iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezomeleza ukhuseleko lwemitha kwiYurophu yonke, igalelo vumelanisa imilinganiselo phakathi kwabasemagunyeni.
I-Directive, inguqulelo yayo yokuqala yamkelwa ngo-1959, iye yaba ihlaziywe ngamaxesha amaninzi Ukubandakanya ukuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi kunye neengcebiso ezintsha ezivela kumaqumrhu akhethekileyo, uhlaziyo lwamva nje oluphambili ludibanise yonke imithetho yaseYurophu malunga nokhuseleko lwemitha ibe yisicatshulwa esinye, ukwandisa umda wayo ukubandakanya imithombo eyahlukeneyo yemitha kunye neendidi zokuvezwa (ezomsebenzi, ezonyango, kunye noluntu) kuzo zombini iimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye neemeko ezikhoyo zokuvezwa.
Phakathi kwezihloko ekuthethwa ngazo kolu cweyo, ezi zilandelayo zibalasele: ukukhuselwa kwabasebenzi kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lweradon nakwimisetyenzana ephatha imathiriyeli enesiqulatho se-radioactive eyenzeke ngokwendalo (NORM), kunye nendlela yokubeka iliso kwiidosi abasebenzi basesichengeni kuzo, ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemida esemthethweni.
Umsebenzi ukwaqhuba ukuqwalasela iziqinisekiso ze iingcali kukhuselo lwemitha kunye nefiziksi yezonyangoOku kungundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izigqibo zokhuseleko zenziwe ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Imiba enjengokuthetheleleka kokuvezwa kwezonyango kunye nemifanekiso engeyiyo eyezonyango, kunye neempembelelo zobuchwephesha obuvelayo obufana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kukhuseleko lwemitha nazo ziyaqwalaselwa.
Abameli abavela kumagunya alawulayo amazwe angamalungu e-HERCA, kunye ne-IAEA, i-Arhente yaMandla eNyukliya (i-NEA), iKhomishini yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoKhuseleko lweRadiological (ICRP), kunye neKhomishini yaseYurophu, bathatha inxaxheba kwezi seshini. Oku kukhuthaza a iqonga eliphezulu apho indlela yokuthintela kwimimiselo iqiniswa.
I-HERCA, esekwe ngo-2007, idibanisa 56 Amagunya afanelekileyo aseYurophu kukhuselo lwemitha evela kumazwe angama-32. Amaqela ayo asebenzayo aquka ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi ababhencekileyo, ukhuseleko lwemithombo yokusasazeka ngemitha, ukusabela ngokungxamisekileyo, ukukhuselwa ngemitha kumacandelo ezonyango nawemizi-mveliso, noqeqesho, zonke eziziintsika ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko oluluqilima lothintelo lwenyukliya.
Ukuthatha kunye iikhosi ezivunyiweyo, iindibano zocweyo zokhuselo loluntu, iinkqubo zeCBRN, uqeqesho ngokuchasene nezoyikiso zangaphakathi, izifundo zezixhobo zenyukliya, uqeqesho lothintelo lomngcipheko emsebenzini kwiradiology kunye neeworkshops zamazwe ngamazwe kwi-European Directive, inethiwekhi yoqeqesho ebanzi kakhulu inokubonwa elandela injongo enye: ukunciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka kunye neziphumo zezehlo zenyukliya okanye zeradiyoloji, ukudibanisa ulwazi lobugcisa, inkcubeko yokhuseleko kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho evela kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
