Imfuyo Ibe yenye yemisebenzi yabantu enefuthe elikhulu lokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bendalo kunye nokukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse (GHG). Ngokutsho kweFAO, i Imfuyo imele i-14,5% yokukhutshwa kweGHG yehlabathi, echaphazela kakhulu imekobume. Ngaphaya koko, izenzo zokufuya ngokungqongqo zizenza zibe mandundu ngakumbi ezi ziphumo, ezinxulumene nemveliso eninzi yezilwanyana kunye nemfuno ephezulu yeemveliso zenyama.
Ngokwengxelo yakutshanje eyenziwe ngu FAO, ushishino lwemfuyo minyaka le imiba 7,1 iigigatonne zekharbon diokside elinganayo, eyi I-15% yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo ezibangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Eyona nto yothusayo kukuba inxalenye enkulu yezi zinto zikhutshwayo zivela ekuzalweni nasekulawuleni ngokunzulu imfuyo, izenzo ezisoloko zingafikeleli kwimigangatho yozinzo.
Imithombo engundoqo yokukhutshwa kwempahla efuywayo
Kwinqaku elipapashwe yi-FAO, izigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo wobomi bokufuywa kwemfuyo ezivelisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG ziye zachongwa. Ezi zinto zikhutshwayo zivela kwi ukuveliswa nokuthuthwa kokutya kwemfuyoUkusetyenziswa kwe amandla kwiifama kunye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezibangelwa kukwetyisa y ukubola komgquba. Ngezantsi yimiba ephambili:
- Imveliso kunye nokuguqulwa kwefula: Le nkqubo inoxanduva I-45% yezinto ezikhutshwayo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi zemichiza ukukhulisa ukutya okondla imfuyo.
- Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Enteric: Ukwetyisa kwezilwanyana ezotyisayo (iinkomo, ngokukodwa) kunoxanduva loku I-39% yezinto ezikhutshwayo, ngokusisiseko ngenxa yokuba zivelisa methane, igesi eyingozi ngakumbi kune-CO2.
- Ukubola komgquba: El I-10% yezinto ezikhutshwayo Iphuma ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo yokubola komgquba, ingxaki ethi ibe mandundu xa izibonelelo zingonelanga.
Ukufuya ngokugqithisileyo: iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye neenkxalabo
ukufuya ngokunzulu Yinkqubo enemveliso eye yanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, ngenxa yemfuno ekhulayo yokutya okuvela kwizilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, le modeli yemveliso iye yagxekwa kabuhlungu ngenxa yayo mpe mbelelo kunye ukuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana eveliswa kwezinye iimeko.
Ekufuyweni kwemfuyo, inani elikhulu lezilwanyana likhuliswa kwiindawo ezincinci kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokulima. feed yokusebenza ephezulu ukukhawulezisa ukukhula kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, basebenzisa iintsholongwane kunye nezinye iimveliso zeekhemikhali, ezivelisa iingxaki ezimbini: ukuxhatshazwa kwezilwanyana kunye nokukhutshwa okuphezulu kwe ukungcolisa inkunkuma.
Inkunkuma kunye nongcoliseko
Omnye wemingeni engundoqo ejongene nokufuya ngokugqithisileyo kukuveliswa kwemveliso ngobuninzi inkunkuma, ezibandakanya umgquba kunye namanzi amdaka, eziyimithombo ungcoliseko lomoya namanzi. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwe iintsholongwane kunye nezichumisi ingcolisa amanzi, echaphazela i-biodiversity ye-ecosystems yasemanzini ekufutshane kwaye inegalelo ekudalweni kwe iindawo ezifileyo apho ubomi bungenakwenzeka.
Ukukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse
La ukubila kwe-enteric kwezetyisayo ezivelisayo methane, igesi ene- greenhouse effect 25 amaxesha anamandla ngakumbi ngaphezu kwecarbon dioxide. Ngokwe-IPCC, imethane imele malunga I-50% ye-GHG ekhutshwayo yokufuya ngokunzulu. Ngaphezu koko, i ukufuya iihagu Ikwangumatshini omkhulu okhupha i-methane, ovelisa i-76% yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kulawulo lomgquba.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo kunye nokulahleka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Isiphumo esisecaleni sokufuya ngokunzulu ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, eveliswa ukwandisa umhlaba olungiselelwe idlelo okanye ukutya kwezityalo. Ngokutsho kweFAO, I-70% yemihlaba egawulweyo kwiLatin America Aye aguqulwa abe ngamadlelo kunye nezityalo zokondla imfuyo.
Lo ukulahlekelwa yinkqubo yendalo inefuthe elibi kwi izinto ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, ekubeni izilwanyana nezityalo ezininzi zilahlekelwa yindawo yazo yemvelo, nto leyo ebeka ubomi bazo esichengeni.
Ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo zokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo
Nangona kukho iingxaki ezichongiweyo, i FAO kunye neminye imibutho iphakamisa iindlela ezizezinye zokunciphisa ukuya kuthi ga I-30% yezinto ezikhutshwayo eveliswa yimfuyo. La manyathelo alandelayo abalaseliswa njengezisombululo ezinokwenzeka:
- Phucula ulawulo lomgquba: Ukukhuthaza ubugcisa obuvumela ukubola komgquba ngaphandle kokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo. Umzekelo, i ukugaya kwe-anaerobic inokuvelisa i-biogas.
- Yandisa ukutyisa imfuyo: Izilwanyana zondla ngefula ezivelisa ukuvubela okuncinci kwe-enteric kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane.
- Ukunciphisa inkunkuma: Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwimveliso yokutya kunye nokuthutha ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi.
Ukuphunyezwa kwala manyathelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuthembekileyo ngabemi, kunokunciphisa impembelelo yokufuya imfuyo kwaye kube negalelo kumoya ongcolisekileyo. Ukwamkelwa kwezicwangciso eziliqili ze-agroecology, ngakumbi kusetyenziso lwemithombo kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma, kubalulekile ekufezekiseni iinjongo zemozulu kunye nokunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi.