Kwiplanethi yethu, imithombo yamandla yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini amakhulu: Imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo kunye Imithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo. Amandla angahlaziyekiyo anqongophele kwaye ukuvuselelwa kwawo kuthatha iibhiliyoni zeminyaka, nto leyo ewenza abe ngumthombo onomda, ngelixa amandla ahlaziyekayo enesidima sokungapheli okanye ahlaziye ngokuqhubekayo. Kule nqaku, siza kukuxelela ukuba yeyiphi imithombo yamandla engenakuhlaziyeka, iimpawu zabo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nefuthe labo kwindalo.
Imithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo
Amandla angahlaziyekiyo, njengoko igama lawo libonisa, lawo angenakuphinda ahlaziywe ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye ubukho babo kwindalo buphelile. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zamandla angahlaziyekiyo: eqhelekileyo kunye engaqhelekanga.
Las amandla aqhelekileyo zezo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulo lonke ihlabathi, ingakumbi iifosili ezifana neoli, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle. La mandla aqhubele phambili ukukhula kwamashishini ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution, kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu lokusingqongileyo, ekubeni ukutshisa kwabo kukhupha izixa ezikhulu zeegesi ze-greenhouse, ezifana ne-carbon dioxide (CO2), ezinegalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu.
Kwelinye icala, amandla angaqhelekanga ziquka imithombo efana Iibhayoloji kunye amandla enyukliya. Nangona amandla enyukliya engakhuphi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-CO2 ngexesha lemveliso yombane, ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma eqhumayo kunye neengozi zenyukliya kubeka imingcipheko emandla kokusingqongileyo.
Ifosili yeefuweli
Los iifosili Yeyona mithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo esetyenziswayo ehlabathini. Ezi ziquka i amalahle, i petroleum kunye igesi yendalo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwaba ngundoqo kuphuhliso lwezoshishino kunye noqoqosho, kodwa ikwajongene nokukhupha igesi engcolileyo.
- Amalahle: Lilitye lentlenga lemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo elihlanganiswe ikakhulu yikhabhoni. Yasekwa malunga ne-280-345 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Nangona ingomnye weyona mithombo midala yamandla, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusaxhaphakile kumazwe anjengeTshayina neIndiya, apho ibalulekile ekuveliseni amandla. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshisa kwayo kukhupha ixabiso elikhulu le-CO2, isulfure kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo ezifaka isandla ekutshintsheni kwemozulu kunye neengxaki zempilo yoluntu.
- I-Petroleum: Ioyile yeyona nto isetyenziswayo kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ibalulekile kwezothutho. Ikhutshwe kwiidiphozithi ezingaphantsi komhlaba kwaye iqhutywe ukuvelisa izinto ezifana nepetroli, i-diesel kunye ne-kerosene. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kokuhamba kwehlabathi, yenye yezona zinto zibangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 eyenzayo.
- Irhasi yendalo: Xa kuthelekiswa namalahle kunye ne-oyile, igesi yendalo ithathwa njengeyona icocekileyo ye-fuel fuels, ikhupha i-CO2 encinci kwiyunithi yamandla. Ifumaneka kwiindawo zegesi kwaye idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yombane, ukufudumeza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya. Nangona icocekile, isengumthombo ongahlaziyekiyo onemingcipheko ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo.
Ii-biofuels kunye nee-agrofuels
Los Iibhayoloji Zifumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo, ezifana neentsalela zezityalo okanye imifuno ethile efana nombona, isundu okanye iimbotyi zesoya. Ziyenye indlela ecocekileyo enokusetyenziswa kumafutha efosili, kodwa azikho ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Nangona zigqalwa njengohlaziyo, imveliso yazo enkulu inokubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ilahleko yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo komhlaba kwezolimo.
Phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ze-biofuels, i bioethanol kunye i-biodiesel. Eyangaphambili iveliswa ngokuyintloko ekubilisweni kweeswekile ezifana neswekile okanye umbona, ngelixa le yokugqibela iphuma kwioli yemifuno okanye kwizilwanyana zezilwanyana. Nangona benokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 xa kuthelekiswa nezibaso zefosili, ifuthe labo lokusingqongileyo lixhomekeke kwindlela ezilawulwa ngayo izityalo.
Imithombo yamandla angahlaziyekiyo: amandla enyukliya
Amandla enyukliya Ibonwe njengesithembiso esikhulu samandla kumazwe amaninzi ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kweCO2 ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela kwayo kulele kwi inkunkuma eqhumayo oko kuvelisa Le nkunkuma inobomi obuncedo obunokuhlala amawaka eminyaka kunye nokugcinwa kwayo okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuphathwa kwayo kuhlala kungumngeni.
Amandla enyukliya asebenza ngokuqhekeka kweeathom zeuranium, ezikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla ngohlobo lobushushu. Obu bushushu busetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umphunga oqhuba iiinjini zokuvelisa umbane. Noko ke, ezinye iingozi ezifana IChernobyl o Fukushima ziye zavelisa izinga eliphezulu lokungathembani kulo mthombo wamandla.
Nangona amanye amazwe, afana neFransi, esathembele kakhulu kumandla enyukliya, amanye afana neJamani agqibe ekubeni avale kancinci kancinci izityalo zawo zenyukliya ngenxa yeengozi ezayanyaniswa nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kumxube wawo wamandla.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kwimithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo
Ngaphandle kweempembelelo zayo ezimbi kokusingqongileyo, imithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo ihleli iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobonelelo lwamandla kwihlabathi. Siza kuhlalutya iingenelo zayo eziphambili kunye nokungalunganga ngezantsi.
- Inzuzo:
- Ukufumaneka: I-oyile, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle zikho ngokubanzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi.
- Uphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo: Uthungelwano lwehlabathi lwezothutho nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili luphuhliswe kakhulu.
- Uxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu: Amafutha efosili kunye namandla enyukliya avelisa umthamo omkhulu wamandla ngomthamo omncinci wemathiriyeli.
- Ukungancedi:
- Ukuncipha: Le mithombo yamandla inesiphelo; usetyenziso lwayo olukhulu alunazinzo kwixesha elide.
- Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo: Bavelisa iigesi zegreenhouse kunye nezinto ezingcolisa imozulu ezenza mandundu utshintsho lwemozulu kwaye zibangele umonakalo kwimpilo yoluntu.
- Iingozi: Kwimeko yamandla enyukliya, iingozi zinokuba neziphumo eziyingozi kwaye inkunkuma eqhumayo ifuna ulawulo lwexesha elide.
Utshintsho olusingise kwimodeli yamandla ezinzileyo lubalulekile ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa umthombo wamandla wexesha elide. Ngaphandle kokwanda kotyalo-mali lwamandla ahlaziyekayo, uninzi lobonelelo lwehlabathi luxhomekeke kumafutha efosili nakumandla enyukliya. Umceli mngeni wekamva usekukhawuleziseni olu tshintsho ukuze kuqinisekiswe isijikelezi-langa esicocekileyo nesinokuhlalwa kwizizukulwana ezizayo.