IHydrogen iye yaba ngomnye wabadlali abaphambili kwingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokutshintsha kwamandla kunye nokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona amandla ayo sele eqatshelwe amashumi eminyaka, Kungoku nje ifumana indima yobuchule ekupheliseni uqoqosho lwehlabathi., ngakumbi kulawo macandelo apho ukufakelwa kombane ngokuthe ngqo kubonisa imida.
I-hydrogen revolution iphendula kukhangelo oludibeneyo ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo, ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo, ekwaziyo ukwaphula ukuxhomekeka kwethu kumafutha efosili kunye nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezinkulu. Kodwa loluphi uncedo olunikezwa yile nto xa kuthelekiswa namanye amandla ahlaziyiweyo, kwaye yeyiphi imingeni ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngokubanzi ejongene nayo? Makhe sijonge nzulu indima yayo kwi-decarbonization, iintlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, usetyenziso oluphambili, kunye nendlela eya kwikamva lamandla acocekileyo, anokhuphiswano ngakumbi.
IHydrojeni: Ithemba elivuselelekayo le-global decarbonization
IHydrogen yeyona khemikhali ikhaphukhaphu, ekhoyo kakhulu kwindalo iphela, kwaye amandla ayo okuvelisa amandla acocekileyo ayibeka kwindawo ebonakalayo njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufezekisa iinjongo zemozulu yehlabathi.Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngoku kumalunga ne-70 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka kwihlabathi liphela, nangona phantse zonke ziveliswa ngeenkqubo ezivelisa ukukhutshwa okukhulu kweCO₂. I-International Energy Agency (IEA) iqikelela ukuba ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen engwevu - ukusuka kumalahle okanye igesi yendalo - inoxanduva lokungaphezu kwe-830 yezigidi zeetoni ze-carbon dioxide ngonyaka., elilingana nesimbuku sokukhutshwa koqoqosho luphela olufana ne-Indonesia kunye ne-United Kingdom.
Ukungxamiseka kokuveliswa kwe-hydrogen ye-decarbonizing kunye nokusetyenziswa ngumqhubi ophambili wenguqu yamandla.Kumacandelo amaninzi, ngokukodwa ishishini elinzima kunye nokuthutha umgama omde, i-hydrogen inokubonelela ngokufanelekileyo, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokhuseleko lokubonelela, ukoyisa imida yokufakelwa kombane ngokuthe ngqo.
Izinto eziluncedo zehydrogen ngaphezu kwamanye amandla ahlaziyekayo
IHydrojeni ibonelela ngeengenelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwi-decarbonization:
1. Ingumthombo wamandla ococekileyo nohlaziyiweyo xa uveliswa kwimithombo efana ne-electrolysis enikwa amandla avuselelekayo.Xa utshiswe njengamafutha, ekuphela kwentsalela ngumphunga wamanzi, ongakhuphi zingcoliso okanye iigesi zegreenhouse.
2. Inoxinano lwamandla aphezulu kakhulu ngokumalunga nobunzima bayo, malunga namaxesha amathathu epetroli okanye i-kerosene, kwaye iphezulu kakhulu kuneebhetri ze-lithium. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumacandelo apho ubunzima buyinto yokumisela, njenge-aviation okanye ukuthutha okunzima.
3. Kunokwenzeka ukugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen ngendlela efanayo negesi yendalo, ukusebenzisa izibonelelo ezikhoyo, nokuba zikwimeko yegesi okanye engamanzi.
4. Iququzelela ukudityaniswa kwamanye amandla ahlaziyekayo kwinkqubo, njengoko inokugcina amandla angaphezulu kumandla omoya okanye elanga ukuze isetyenziswe ngamaxesha emveliso ephantsi.
5. Ukuguquguquka kwezicelo: ukusuka kwipetroli kwiiseli zamafutha emoto ukuya kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso, ukufudumeza kwasekhaya, ukwenziwa kombane, kunye nobushushu obudibeneyo kunye neenkqubo zamandla.
Ukungalungi kunye nemingeni ye-hydrogen namhlanje
Nangona kunjalo, Uphuhliso olukhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen kubangela imingeni enkulu yobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho.:
- Ubunzima bokugcina kunye nokuthuthaIHydrojeni, eyigesi ekhaphukhaphu kakhulu, ifuna uxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu ukuze igcinwe ikwimo elulwelo, ebandakanya izixhobo ezibizayo nezintsonkothileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe.
- Iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso ye-hydrogen eluhlaza:I-electrolysis yamanzi isebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo iseyinkqubo ebiza kakhulu, ethintela ukukhuphisana kwayo xa kuthelekiswa negrey okanye iblue hydrogen.
- Ukhuseleko kunye nobungoziIHydrojeni iyatsha kwaye inika imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokuvuza, njengoko ingenambala, ayinavumba, kwaye inomlinganiselo wokuvuza ophezulu kunegesi yendalo ngokomthamo.
- Unyino lwangoku lweteknolojiUkuphuhliswa kweeseli zepetroli, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokugcinwa kweziseko zophuhliso, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ze-electrolysis yimiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo ekuhanjisweni kwazo okukhulu.
- Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ixhomekeke kwindlela yokuvelisaUninzi lwehydrogen eveliswa kwihlabathi liphela isuka kumafutha efosili, kunye nokutshintshela kwihydrogen eluhlaza ngomnye wemicelimngeni emikhulu.
Iintlobo ze-hydrogen ngokwemvelaphi yazo
Icandelo lamandla lahlula iindidi ezininzi ze-hydrogen ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo kunye nomthombo wamandla osetyenziswayo kwimveliso yayo, emisela zombini iindleko kunye nenqanaba lezinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumeneyo:
- Ihydrogen engwevu: Ivela ekuguquleni igesi yendalo okanye amalahle, ikhupha inani elikhulu le-CO₂. Yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yexabiso layo eliphantsi, kodwa yeyona izinzileyo.
- i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Ngokufana negrey, nangona kule meko ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye neendlela zokugcina zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okuhambelanayo, nangona zingabacimi ngokupheleleyo.
- Ihydrogen eluhlaza: Iveliswa nge-electrolysis yamanzi enikwe amandla ahlaziyekayo. Ayivelisi izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisa kwaye yeyona ndlela icocekileyo, nangona isembalwa (nje i-0,1% yemveliso yehlabathi).
- Ihydrogen epinki: Iveliswa yi-electrolysis kusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya njengomthombo wombane.
I-Hydrogen njenge-vector yamandla
IHydrojeni ithathwa njengomthombo wamandla, ingengowona mthombo uphambili njengelanga okanye umoya.Oku kuthetha ukuba isebenza njengendlela yokugcina nokuthutha amandla, ivumela intsalela yemveliso ehlaziyekayo ukuba ihanjiswe kwaye ikhululwe ngokwemfuno.
Esi sixhobo senza ukuba sibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kwigridi, ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcina ixesha kunye nokubonelela ngeenkqubo zombane ngokuguquguquka kunye nokuqina ebusweni bemfuno ephezulu kunye nemveliso eguquguqukayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule be-hydrogen
Usetyenziso lweHydrojeni lugubungela uluhlu olubanzi, oluqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwi-decarbonization esebenzayo yoqoqosho:
- Icandelo elinzima: Ingasetyenziselwa njengento ekrwada kunye nomthombo wokushisa kwimveliso yentsimbi, i-samente kunye neekhemikhali, apho umbane othe ngqo unika ubunzima obuninzi.
- Uthutho lomgama omdeI-Hydrogen iyavela njengeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokususa ikhabhoni kuthutho olunzima, kubandakanywa ulwandle, uloliwe, kunye nothutho lomoya, amacandelo apho iibhetri zombane zingasebenziyo ngenxa yokuxinana okanye uluhlu lwazo.
- Uthungelwano lokuhambisa amandlaUkutofa i-hydrogen kuthungelwano lwerhasi esele lukhona lwenza ukuba icandelo legesi licocwe kancinci kancinci.
- Ukugcinwa kwamandla: Ivumela intsalela yamandla ahlaziyekayo ukuba igcinwe ngamaxesha athile onyaka, ithatha ithuba lexesha lemveliso ephezulu kwaye inikezelwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuphezulu.
- Ukuveliswa kombane kunye nokudibanisaI-Hydrogen inokusetyenziswa kwiiseli zamafutha ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukubonelela ngombane kunye nobushushu kwizakhiwo, amashishini kunye neenqwelo.
Imeko yangoku kunye nethemba le-hydrogen eSpain naseLatin America
ISpain kunye neLatin America eninzi ineemeko eziluncedo kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwe-hydrogen eluhlaza, ngenxa yokufumaneka kwemithombo evuselelekayo kunye namava kwezoshishino. ESpeyin, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuhlala kugxininise kwioli kunye negesi yendalo, ngakumbi kwicandelo lezothutho (ngaphezu kwe-43% yemfuno)., kodwa iGreen Hydrogen Roadmap ijolise ekutshintsheni ngokuthe ngcembe igesi yendalo kwaye ikhulise ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezothutho, kushishino, kunye namanye amacandelo acwangcisiweyo.
KwiLatin America nakwiCaribbean, Malunga ne-60% yombane uvela kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo, evula ithuba elihle lokukhokela imveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-hydrogen derivatives kwiimarike zaseYurophu naseAsia. Amazwe afana neArgentina, iBrazil, iChile, iKholombiya, iMexico, iTrinidad neTobago sele enamaqhinga kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bokukhulisa uqoqosho lwehydrogen.
Imingeni yezobuchwepheshe kunye nemarike
Nangona kunokwenzeka, Imingeni ihleli kuqoqosho, ukulinganisa kunye nokudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe obunxulumene ne-hydrogen.Ukwamkelwa kobuninzi, kubalulekile ukunciphisa iindleko ze-electrolysis, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokugcinwa, ukuphumeza ukufumanisa ukuvuza okuphambili kunye neenkqubo zokulawula, kunye nokomeleza ukhuseleko kulo lonke ikhonkco lexabiso.
Ukongeza, Uthutho lwe-hydrogen lwamazwe ngamazwe lufuna izisombululo ezintsha ezifana nokuguqulwa kwe-ammonia okanye i-methanol., iikhompawundi ezingamanzi eziququzelela ulungiselelo kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukwenziwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezikhethekileyo kunye nolawulo olucacileyo, oluhambelanayo kwiimarike zehlabathi kuya kuba ngundoqo ekwandiseni imveliso kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuthelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo
IHydrojeni ayikhuphisani ngokuthe ngqo namandla afana nelanga okanye umoya, kodwa iyasebenza intsebenziswano nabo. Ikuvumela ukuba ulawule imida yokuhlaziywa kwangethuba, ukugcina amandla angaphezulu xa iveliswa kwaye uyikhulule ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu.I-International Energy Agency iqikelela ukuba ngo-2050, i-hydrogen iya kuba negalelo malunga I-6% ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, ukuncedisa ukufakelwa kombane, ukuhlaziywa, ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe kunye nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni.
Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba isithembiso se-hydrogen eluhlaza akufanele sisetyenziswe njengesizathu sokulibazisa ukuphunyezwa kwezisombululo zangoku ezifana nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, okanye ukwandiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Indima yenkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo notyalo-mali
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen njengentsika ekutshintsheni kwamandla kufuna Isenzo esinamandla solawulo, utyalo-mali lukarhulumente nolwabucala, kwakunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazweIManyano yaseYurophu, iSpain, kunye namazwe aseLatin America sele eseke iindlela kunye nezicwangciso zokukhuthaza i-R&D, ukudala imigangatho yoqinisekiso, kunye nokudibanisa utyalo-mali kweli candelo.
ESpeyin, ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo yamandla kulindeleke nge-2050, kunye ne-100% yezakhiwo zombane, amashishini azinzileyo, kunye namanethiwekhi okuthutha e-decarbonized, apho i-hydrogen iya kudlala indima ephambili kunye nezinye izisombululo ezintsha.
