Ulawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya Sesinye sezona zihloko zishushu kwicandelo lamandla eSpain, kokubini kokusingqongileyo, kwezoqoqosho nakwezopolitiko. Kwiingxoxo eziqhelekileyo malunga nokuvalwa kunye nekamva lezityalo zamandla ngoku zongezwa a idabi lenkundla phakathi kweenkampani ezinkulu zombane zeli lizwe kunye noRhulumente malunga nokunyuswa kwentlawulo eyabelwe ukulawula nokugcinwa kwale nkunkuma iyingozi. Ngeli xesha, kumanzi amazwe ngamazwe asuka eGalicia, ilifa lamashumi eminyaka yokuchitheka kweradioactive kumntla-mpuma weAtlantiki liyaphandwa, elinokuba neziphumo ezingaziwayo kwi-ecosystem yaselwandle.
Ungquzulwano neenkampani zombane Eli tyala limalunga nokunyuka kwe-30% kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Enresa tax," exhasa ngezimali ulawulo kunye nokuyekiswa kwezixhobo zamandla enyukliya. I-Endesa kunye ne-Iberdrola, abanini abakhulu beenqwelo zenyukliya zaseSpain, baye bafaka izikhalazo ezisemthethweni kunye nezimangalo ezichasene ne-State, Enresa, kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko lweNyukliya. Ewonke, la manani alandelayo abandakanyiwe: imbuyekezo ibango 778 million euro, ekhuthazwa kukunyuka kwezinga le-unilateral elivunyiweyo ngurhulumente ngo-2023. Ngokutsho kweenkampani, i-protocol yokuvalwa kweplanti ecwangcisiweyo, esayinwe kwi-2019, yafumanisa ukuba ukunyuka kwakungenakudlula i-20% ngaphezu kwezinga elisebenza ngelo xesha.
Kutheni le nto isantya senyuka kwaye siquka ntoni?
Ukuphononongwa komlinganiselo, oye waphuma 7,98 ukuba 10,36 euro ngeyure megawatt nganye (MWh), ngokweSigqeba esiLawulayo, isabela kwimfuno yokugubungela iindleko eziphezulu ezinxulumeneyo ekuyekisweni kwenyukliya kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma eSpain. Ingxowa-mali elawulwa yi-Enresa Ixhasa ngezimali yonke imisebenzi enxulumene noko, kwaye ngoku, endaweni yesitora esiphakathi, urhulumente ukhethe ukwakha iindawo zokugcina ezisixhenxe zethutyana kwiziza zomzi-mveliso wamandla, nto leyo eyenza nzima ulungiselelo lwenkqubo kwaye yenze inkqubo ibize kakhulu.
Iinkampani zithatha ulwando njenge ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano sika-2019 kwaye boyika ukuba ukunqongophala kwengeniso kunye noxinzelelo lwerhafu kuya kukwenza mandundu ukusebenza kwamandla enyukliya, ngakumbi kwimeko yangoku elawulwa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo. Babhenele kuzo zonke iindlela ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo, ukusuka kumabango e-asethi (i-Endesa) ukuya kwi-administrative litigation (Iberdrola), ngaphezu kokucela umngeni kwisicwangciso esitsha senkunkuma yelizwe kunye notshintsho lwangoku lolawulo.
Impembelelo yenkunkuma yenyukliya elwandle
Ngelixa ingxoxo ngeendleko zezoqoqosho isonjululwa kwiinkundla nakwiiofisi, i Ingxaki yokusingqongileyo yenkunkuma yenyukliya isekhona. Iqela lamazwe ngamazwe elikhokelwa yiFrench National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kweengcali zaseSpain, sele iqalile. umsebenzi wophando kwiAtlantiki ukukhangela nokuhlalutya inkunkuma ebekwe phakathi ko-1940 no-1980 malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-600 ukusuka kunxweme lwaseGalicia.
Ngaphezu kwe-100 sele ichongiwe 2.000 imiphanda ene-radioactive kwindawo enokuphatha ngaphezu kwama-200.000 amagubu. Ukusebenzisa iirobhothi zangaphantsi kwamanzi njenge-UlyX kunye nobuchule obuphambili be-sonar, izazinzulu zenza imephu yendawo kwaye ziqokelela amanzi, intlenga, kunye neesampulu zeentlanzi ukulinganisa i-radioactivity enokwenzeka kunye neziphumo zayo.
Ngokutsho kwedatha yokuqala enikwe yingcali yokwakheka komhlaba uJavier EscartÃn, omnye wabaququzeleli bale projekthi, Amanqanaba e-radioactivity afunyenweyo ngoku awakhathazi.Nangona ukubunjwa okuchanekileyo kwemigqomo kuhleli kungaziwa, kurhaneleka ukuba kuqulethe izinto zaselabhoratri kunye nenkunkuma ephantsi okanye ephakathi. Ubukho boku kuchithakala, kuxelwe ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-80, bugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa rhoqo kweempembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho kwizityalo nezilwanyana zaselwandle.
ISpain kunye nokubuyiswa kwenkunkuma evela eFransi
Enye yeemeko ezidume kakubi zolawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya ichaphazela inkunkuma evela kwiVandellós endiyityalayo, yavalwa ngowe-1989. Emva kwengozi nokuvalwa kwayo ngokukhawuleza, inxalenye yepetroli esele isetyenzisiwe yathunyelwa eFransi ukuze igcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo ize iphinde ilungiswe. Ngenxa yokulibaziseka ekwakhiweni kweendawo zokugcina ezisisigxina eSpeyin, ilizwe lethu liye laba ukuhlawula iFransi izigidi zezohlwayo yonke imihla kuba ndingekabuyisi lo mathiriyeli. Iintlawulo zifikelele ngaphezu kwe-87.000 ye-€ 2026 ngosuku, nangona ilandela isivumelwano samva nje, inani liya kuhla kancinci ngo-2028. Ishedyuli ifuna ukubuyiswa kwenkunkuma kwi-2073, ibonelele i-Vandellós I-Temporary Storage Facility isebenza njengenyathelo lokuqala kwi-Deep Geological Storage Facility, ekulindeleke ukuba ivule ngo-XNUMX.
Isikhundla esisemthethweni kunye nekamva lamandla enyukliya
I-Ministry for Ecological Transition iyayixhasa loo nto umgaqo othi "umngcolisi uyahlawula". kufuneka koyise: iinkampani zombane kufuneka zithathe zonke iindleko zokulawula inkunkuma yenyukliya, ngaphandle kokudlulisela iindleko kubasebenzisi. Nasiphi na isicelo sokwandiswa kobomi bezixhobo zamandla enyukliya Kuya kuqwalaselwa kuphela ukuba ukhuseleko kunye nokunikezelwa kombane kuqinisekisiwe, kwaye ukuba ayenzi umthwalo owongezelelweyo kubemi. Nangona i-Endesa kunye ne-Iberdrola zifake iziphakamiso zokulibazisa ukuvalwa kwezixhobo zombane, ukuhambelana phakathi kwabo bonke abanini kufuneka naluphi na utshintsho, kwaye okwangoku akukho mvumelwano phakathi kweenkampani ezichaphazelekayo.
Ngaphezu koko, uxinzelelo olusemthethweni oluvela kwiinkampani zombane luza ngexesha ukuncitshiswa kwenzuzo yamandla enyukliya xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo, kunye nerhafu ethile kwimveliso kunye nonyango lwenkunkuma eyenza iindleko ezishiyekileyo ngeyure yeemegawathi zibe phezulu kakhulu kunezamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Ulawulo lwe inkunkuma yenyukliya Iyaqhubeka nokubeka umngeni omkhulu eSpeyin, nokuba kungenxa yeengxabano zezoqoqosho phakathi kwelizwe kunye neenkampani zombane, iingxaki eziphathekayo zokugcina nokubuyisela inkunkuma, okanye imfuneko yokubeka iliso kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokulahlwa kwembali elwandle. Ibhalansi phakathi kokhuseleko, ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ukuthotyelwa kolawulo, kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo kuya kuba nzima ukulawula, kwimeko apho utshintsho lwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kukho ngakumbi kunanini ngaphambili kwingxoxo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko.
