ISpain, njengamanye amazwe amaninzi, ijongene nomceli mngeni obalulekileyo: ukuba yinxalenye ngokupheleleyo Utshintsho lwamandla kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe uphelise ukuxhomekeka iifosili. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili ejolise kule njongo ibingalingani, kwaye oorhulumente bakutshanje abakhange babonakalise ukuzinikela okuqinileyo ekunciphiseni le mithombo yamandla. Ekubeni isigunyaziso se-PSOE saphela kwi-2008, i-Popular Party (PP), phantsi kobunkokeli bukaMariano Rajoy, uye wakhokela urhulumente ngomgaqo-nkqubo wamandla oye waba ngumxholo wokugxekwa rhoqo ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkxaso yamandla avuselelekayo.
Iimpembelelo zenkxaso ye-fossil fuel
Eyona ngxaki iphambili ilele kwi izibonelelo zefosili. Ngokutsho kweZiko loQoqosho lwaMandla kunye noHlalutyo lweMali (IEEFA), ezi nkxaso-mali, zinikwe ikakhulu kwizityalo zamalahle kunye negesi ngokubizwa ngokuba iintlawulo zamandla, ziye zabiza kakhulu. Ezi ntlawulo ziqinisekisa ukuba izityalo ezishushu ezisebenzisa amafutha efosili zihlala zisebenza njengenkxaso kwinkqubo yombane xa amandla ahlaziyekayo enganelanga ukugubungela imfuno yamandla. Ngokweli ziko, iindleko zezi nkxaso-mali zifikelela kwi-1.000 yezigidi zee-euro ngonyaka, eziye zabonakaliswa njengobungqina obucacileyo bokuba ilizwe liyaqhubeka nokukhetha iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvelisa amandla.
Indlela yokuhlawula amandla
Los iintlawulo zamandla Zasekwa eSpain ngo-1997 kwaye, ngamabinzana alula, injongo yazo kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umbane othe rhoqo. Xa imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ingonelanga okanye ingafumaneki, izityalo ezishushu ezisebenzisayo amalahle o igesi yendalo Banika amandla ayimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicwangciso siye sagxekwa ngokuqhubeka sixhomekeke kumafutha efosili. Ezi zityalo zifumana uncediso-mali ngenxa nje yokuba zifumaneke, nto leyo etyhafisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yamandla yala maxesha ngokuthanda imithombo ecocekileyo efana nelanga okanye umoya.
Ezinye iingcali ziphakamisa iindlela ezizezinye kwiintlawulo zamandla, ezifana nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ye zentengiso, apho izinto ezifana nomthamo woqhagamshelwano lwamandla okanye ukusetyenziswa kweebhetri zokugcina zinokukhuphisana ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana nemfuno xa kungekho mveliso yaneleyo yokuhlaziya.
Imfuno yemarike ecace ngakumbi
Ingxelo evela kwiZiko loQoqosho lwaMandla ikwagxininisa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba imarike yombane ecace ngakumbi kunye nequmrhu elilawulayo elinenqanaba elikhulu lokuzimela. Lo mzimba kufuneka unikwe umsebenzi wokubonelela ngezibonakaliso ezicacileyo nezichanekileyo kumaxabiso ombane, okwangoku angabonakali ngokwaneleyo iindleko zangempela zenkqubo, ngakumbi xa izinto zangaphandle ezifana nokusingqongileyo kunye nemiphumo yezempilo ziqwalaselwa.
Ukuzinikela kweSpain kumandla avuselelekayo
Ngaphandle kokugxekwa okuthethelelekayo ngenkqubela phambili ecothayo kutshintsho lwamandla, iSpain ithathe izibophelelo ezibambekayo ngokumalunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-EU, ilizwe lizibophelele ukuba I-27% yemfuno yamandla igutyungelwe ngamandla avuselelweyo ngo-2030 kwaye, ngexesha elifutshane, ifike kwi-20% ngo-2020. Nangona kunjalo, kwi-2020, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kuhlala kumile kwi-17,3%. Nangona kukho inkqubela eyenziweyo, umceli-mngeni usemkhulu.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yangoku ayibonakali ingangqinelani ngokupheleleyo nezi njongo. Izibonelelo zomthetho kunye nenkxaso yezemali yecandelo le-fossil fuel iyaqhubeka ukudlula kude inkxaso yokuhlaziywa, okwenza kube yimfuneko ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo isakhelo solawulo saseSpain.
Izindululo zophuculo
Ngokwengxelo ye-IMF, ukuphelisa uncediso-mali lwamafutha efosili ukuhambisa loo mali kwimithombo ecocekileyo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ukulwa kutshintsha kwe mozulu kodwa ukuqinisekisa ikamva loqoqosho oluzinzileyo. Ngo-2022, uncediso-mali lwamafutha efosili luqikelelwa ukuya kwisixhenxe seetriliyoni zeedola (malunga ne-6,5 yetriliyoni yeedola), emele i-7,1% yeGDP yehlabathi.
Los iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, njengamaza obushushu obugqithiseleyo okanye imililo yasendle etshabalalisayo, bubungqina obucacileyo bokungxamiseka kotshintsho. Ukusebenzisa izibonelelo zefosili zenza ezi ngxaki ziqhubeke. Ngoko ke, ukuqhubela phambili kwimodeli yamandla yanamhlanje, ukuphononongwa kwezicwangciso zenkxaso yamalahle, ioli kunye negesi yendalo linyathelo elibalulekileyo.
Okokugqibela, isindululo se-IMF sokumisela iirhafu zokulungisa, njengerhafu kwi ikharbon diokside, eya kuvumela ukukhutshwa kwale gesi ukuba kuncitshiswe ngama-34% ngowama-2030, okuzisa ulungelelwaniso kunye neenjongo zeSivumelwano saseParis.
ISpain kunye noncedo lwamafutha efosili
Kwinqanaba likazwelonke, iSpain iyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngoncedo kumafutha e-fossil. Ngokutsho kwe-IMF, ngo-2022 ilizwe libonelele nge-11.500 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali, inani elo, nangona lingaphantsi kwe-17.900 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2020, lisephezulu kakhulu. Umceli mngeni uxhomekeke ikakhulu kwinkxaso-mali engacacanga, engabonakali kumaxabiso ala mafutha ezithuthi nezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwawo.
Izindululo zesenzo
- Yamkela indlela esekwe kwifandesi ukwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kococeko, lobuchwephesha obunokhuphiswano ngakumbi.
- Ukwalathisa ngokutsha uncediso-mali olubhekiselele kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo ezinokuhlaziywa ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwirhasi namalahle.
- Khuthaza ukufakelwa kombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhetri zokugcina ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lobonelelo lombane.
Ngendlela edibeneyo, iSpain inokukhawulezisa utshintsho lwamandla ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ihambelane nezibophelelo zayo zamazwe ngamazwe.