Amandla enyukliya Ngomnye wemithombo yamandla ekuxoxwa ngayo ehlabathini. Isakhono sayo sokuvelisa umbane nge ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi yenza enye indlela nomtsalane kumafutha efosili. Nangona kunjalo, iyaphakamisa imingeni ebalulekileyo njenge khu seleko kunye nolawulo lwe inkunkuma eqhumayo.
Kuyo yonke imbali, uluntu luye lwaphonononga iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla aqulethwe kwiiathom. Ukususela kwizinto zokuqala ezifunyenweyo malunga ne-radioactivity ukuya kuphuhliso lwe izixhobo zenyukliya zanamhlanje, lo mthombo wamandla utshintshe kakhulu indlela esivelisa ngayo umbane. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ukusebenza kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ifuthe kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kwakunye umahluko phakathi kokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kunye nokudibanisa.
Yintoni amandla enyukliya?
La amandla enyukliya Ifunyanwa kwi iimpendulo zenyukliya ezenzeka kwinucleus yeeathom. Olu hlobo lwamandla lunokukhutshwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: Ukulwa kwenyukliya y fusion yenyukliya.
- I-nuclear fision: Iqulethwe kukwahlulwa kwe-nucleus yeathom enzima ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci amabini okanye ngaphezulu, ikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla. Okwangoku, le yimeko eyona nkqubo isetyenziswayo kwiziko lamandla enyukliya.
- Udibaniso lweNyukliya: Kwenzeka xa ii-nuclei ezimbini ezikhanyayo zidibana zenze i-nucleus enzima, ikhupha amandla kwinkqubo. Le nto yenzeka eLangeni nakwezinye iinkwenkwezi, kwaye iphandwa njenge umthombo onokwenzeka wamandla kwilixa elizayo.
Imbali yamandla enyukliya
Uphuhliso lwamandla enyukliya luneengcambu zalo zenzululwazi ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwe20. Amanani afana Marie Curie, UErnest Rutherford y Albert Einstein yabeka iziseko zokuqonda iintshukumo zenyukliya kunye namandla azo.
Enye ye eyona nkqubela ibalulekileyo Yaveliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye ne Iprojekthi yeManhattan, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekudalweni kweebhombu zenyukliya zokuqala. Emva kwemfazwe, amandla enyukliya aqalisa ukusetyenziselwa iinjongo zoxolo, ebalaselisa ukwakhiwa kwe izityalo zamandla enyukliya ukuveliswa kombane, ebhalwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kwi ukusebenza kwamandla enyukliya.
Ukusebenza kweziko lamandla enyukliya
Ukuvelisa amandla enyukliya umbane ziyafana nezityalo zamandla ashushu eziqhelekileyo, kodwa endaweni yokutshisa amafutha efosili, zisebenzisa inyukliya umthombo wobushushu. Ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe kula manyathelo alandelayo:
- El isixhobo senyukliya Iqulethe amafutha (ngokuqhelekileyo iuranium okanye i-plutonium), ethi xa i-fissioned ikhuphe ubushushu obukhulu.
- Ubushushu obuveliswayo butshisa amanzi kwi isiphaluka sokuqala, ukuyidlulisela kwi-a generador de umphunga.
- Ukushukuma komphunga a injini yomoya, ethi yona iqhube ijenereyitha yombane, evelisa umbane.
- Umphunga upholiswa ngo ikondensa, ukujikela emva emanzini ukuze aphinde asetyenziswe kwinkqubo.
Iintlobo zezixhobo zenyukliya
Umfanekiso okufutshane wesuntswana leatom yomfanekiso wamandla enyukliya
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze Izixhobo zenyukliya, nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo:
- IiReactor zaManzi abilayo (BWR): Amanzi angaphakathi kwi-reactor abila ngokuthe ngqo ukwenza umphunga kwaye aqhube iiinjini zomoya.
- Iireactors zamanzi ezicinezelekileyo (PWR): Basebenzisa amanzi anoxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuthintela ukubilisa, ukuhambisa ubushushu kwijenereyitha yomphunga.
- Izixhobo zegesi: Bayaqesha Gesi ezifana ne-helium okanye i-carbon dioxide njengeefriji.
- Iireactor ezikhawulezayo: Aziyifuni imodareyitha kwaye zinokuphinda zisebenzise amafutha enyukliya.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingalunganga kumandla enyukliya
Njengawo nawuphi na umthombo wamandla, amandla enyukliya anawo ngempumelelo y bendlela:
Inzuzo
- Ukukhutshwa kweCO2 ephantsi: Ayivelisi iigesi ze-greenhouse ngexesha lokusebenza.
- Uxinaniso lwamandla aphezulu: Ngomlinganiselo omncinci wamafutha, umthamo omkhulu wamandla unokuveliswa.
- Imveliso eqhubekayo: Ngokungafaniyo namandla ahlaziyekayo ethutyana, amandla enyukliya abonelela ngombane rhoqo.
Iingxaki
- Inkunkuma enemitha: Ulawulo lwabo kunye nokugcinwa okukhuselekileyo kungumngeni wexesha elide. Ukungena nzulu kulo mba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge inqaku izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kumandla enyukliya.
- Umngcipheko wengozi: Iintlekele ezinjengeChernobyl neFukushima ziye zavakalisa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko lwazo.
- Iindleko zokuqala eziphezulu: Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuvelisa amandla enyukliya kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu.
Ukuqhubela phambili kunye nekamva lamandla enyukliya
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amandla enyukliya iye yavela kunye nophuhliso ii-reactors ezincinci zeemodyuli (SMRs). Ezi reactor zikhuselekile, zisebenza kakuhle, kwaye zonga ngakumbi, zivumela ukuba zifakwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Enye impumelelo enkulu luphando kwi fusion yenyukliya, kunye neeprojekthi ezifana NGAPHAMBILI, efuna ukuphindaphinda inkqubo yeLanga yokuvelisa amandla ngendlela ezinzileyo nekhuselekileyo. Iimpembelelo zala mandla zinokubonwa kwi uphando lwamandla amatsha.
Amandla enyukliya asengomnye wemithombo yamandla ephambili yehlabathi. Ukukwazi kwayo ukuvelisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne izinto ezikhutshwayo eziphantsi iyenza ibe lukhetho oluphambili kutshintsho lwamandla. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili eyongezelelweyo iyafuneka kukhuseleko, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nobuchwepheshe obuzinzileyo ukuze bandise inzuzo yabo kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yabo.
