Amandla enyukliya ngomnye wemithombo ekuxoxwa ngayo malunga nokuveliswa kombane kwihlabathi langoku. Kwelinye icala, ibonelela ngemveliso yamandla enkulu kwaye ezinzileyo ezimeleyo kwimozulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibeka imingeni malunga nokhuseleko, inkunkuma kunye nembono yoluntu.
Njengoko ukungxamiseka kokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisekileyo kunye nokwahlukahlukana komxube wamandla ehlabathi kusanda, amandla enyukliya aphinde abe sembindini wengxoxo. Eli nqaku liphonononga izibonelelo zalo, imingcipheko, kunye nendlela elithelekisa ngayo neminye imithombo yamandla, ichaza yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi ngayo.
Yintoni amandla enyukliya kwaye enziwa njani?
Amandla enyukliya avela kwinucleus yeathom, eyona ndawo ixineneyo kuyo. Ifunyenwe ngeenkqubo ezimbini eziphambili: i-fission kunye ne-fusion. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezi nkqubo kwinqaku lethu ukusebenza kwamandla enyukliya.
I-nuclear fission, okwangoku esetyenziswa kuzo zonke izizinda zamandla enyukliya, ibandakanya ukucanda kweathom ezinzima ezifana neuranium okanye iplutonium. Xa ii-nuclei zabo ziphuka, umthamo omkhulu wamandla ukhululwa ngendlela yobushushu. Obu bushushu busetyenziselwa ukubilisa amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umphunga, oqhuba iiinjini zomoya nokuvelisa umbane.
Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya, kusekwinqanaba lophando, kujonge ukuphinda isenzeko esenzeka eLangeni: Ukudibanisa iiathom zokukhanya ezifana ne-hydrogen isotopes ukwenza ezona zinzima, zikhupha amandla acocekileyo naninzi. Nangona ithembisa ukuba ikhuselekile kwaye isebenze ngakumbi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo kwinqanaba lezorhwebo kusekude kakhulu.
Kukwakho nodidi lwesithathu: amandla ngokubola kweradioactive, isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezithe ngqo, ezinje ngeradioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), ingakumbi kwi space probes.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya
Ngaphandle kokuvelisa umbane, Amandla enyukliya anosetyenziso oluninzi kumacandelo eqhinga:
- Iyeza: ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo ezinjengomhlaza usebenzisa i-radiotherapy okanye iteknoloji ye-PET.
- Uphando: Iireactors zeNyukliya zisivumela ukuba sifunde ukuziphatha kwemathiriyeli okanye senze imifuniselo ephezulu yefiziksi.
- Ukuqhutywa komkhosi waselwandle: Iinkwili zeNyukliya kunye nabathwali beenqwelo-moya banokusebenza iminyaka ngaphandle kwe-refueling, ngenxa ye-reactor yabo.
- Ukukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini: Kwimimandla enengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi, amandla enyukliya asetyenzisiwe ukuguqula amanzi anetyuwa abe ngamanzi okusela.
- Ishishini lokutya kunye namayeza: ukwenza inzalo kwiimveliso, ukuphelisa iintsholongwane kunye nokugcina ukutya.
Izibonelelo kunye noncedo lwamandla enyukliya
Enye yezinto ezikhangayo kakhulu kule teknoloji kukukwazi ukuvelisa amandla acocekileyo kwinqanaba elikhulu, ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu: Izixa ezincinci zeuranium ziqulathe uxinaniso lwamandla oluphezulu kakhulu kunamafutha efosili.
- Ubonelelo oluqhubekayo: Izityalo zeNyukliya zingasebenza ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emibini ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ziqinisekisa uzinzo lwamandla.
- Ukukhutshwa okuphantsi: Ebudeni bokusebenza kwazo, oomatshini bokuvelisa amandla enyukliya bakhupha phantse zonke iigesi ezingcolisayo.
- Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okuncinci: xa kuthelekiswa nelanga okanye umoya, kufuna indawo encinci ukuvelisa umthamo omkhulu wamandla.
- Ukuzimela geopolitiki: Amazwe angenawo amafutha efosili anokuqinisekisa ukukwazi ukwanelisa amandla awo ngemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya.
Umzekelo, iFransi ikwazile ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwi-oyile nakwirhasi ngenxa yophuhliso lwayo oluluqilima lwenyukliya, ivelisa malunga ne-70% yombane wayo ngamandla enyukliya. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo, ndwendwela inqaku lethu amandla enyukliya, iingenelo kunye nokungeloncedo kwawo.
Imingcipheko emikhulu yamandla enyukliya
Nangona kunjalo, lo mthombo wamandla awunayo imingeni kunye neenkxalabo. Iintsilelo zayo eziphambili zijikeleze ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokhuseleko lwamandla enyukliya, jonga inqaku lethu ukhuseleko kumandla enyukliya.
- Iingozi zenyukliya: Iintlekele ezifana neChernobyl (1986) okanye iFukushima (2011) ziye zacacisa iziphumo ezingenakuguquleka zokungaphumeleli kokhuseleko.
- Inkunkuma enemitha: Isibaso esichithiweyo sihlala sinetyhefu kakhulu kangangamawaka eminyaka kwaye sifuna ukugcinwa okulawulwa kakhulu.
- Iindleko eziphezulu zokwakha kunye nokuphelisa ugunyaziso: Ukwakha isikhululo samandla enyukliya kunokubiza iibhiliyoni zeeyuro kunye namashumi eminyaka yokucwangcisa.
- Umngcipheko wokwanda kwenyukliya: Itekhnoloji ingajikwa ukuze yenze izixhobo ukuba ayilawulwa ngummiselo ongqongqo wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukoyika ukusasazeka kwemitha kunye nokuvuza okunokwenzeka kudlala indima ephambili kwimbono yentlalo, ebangela ukwaliwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezikufutshane nezityalo zombane. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neengxabano kunye neembono malunga namandla enyukliya, jonga inqaku amandla enyukliya njengeyona yaliwe kakhulu.
Ilawulwa njani inkunkuma yenyukliya
Enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zamandla enyukliya kulawulo lwenkunkuma eqhumayo. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lengozi:
- Inkunkuma ekumgangatho ophantsi nophakathi: Ziyagqunywa kwaye zigcinwe kwiidiphozithi ezilawulwayo, rhoqo kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba.
- Inkunkuma yomsebenzi ophezulu: Njengezibaso ezichithiweyo, ziqale zipholiswe kumadama angaphakathi kwezityalo kwaye emva koko zigqithiselwe kwiicapsules okanye ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona ukuze zisetyenziswe kwakhona.
Amanye amazwe, njengeFinland, sele ephuhlise izisombululo ezinzulu zejoloji ukuqinisekisa ugcino olukhuselekileyo kwiwaka leminyaka. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe ngolawulo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya, ungajongana nenqaku elithi amandla enyukliya kunye nolawulo lwawo lwenkunkuma.
Ubude bexesha kunye nomjikelo wobomi bemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya
Imizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya inokusebenza iminyaka engama-40 ukuya kuma-80, ngokuxhomekeke kugcino, uphuculo lobuchwepheshe, kunye nophononongo lolawulo. Sithetha nje, kukho izityalo ezingaphezu kwama-400 ezisebenza ehlabathini lonke, uninzi lwazo ezineminyaka engaphezu kwama-40 zisebenza.
Amazwe afana ne-United States agunyazise ukwandiswa kobomi obuluncedo ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka engama-80, ngelixa abanye, njengeSpain, bekhethe ukuphuma kancinci bethanda amandla avuselelekayo.
Imeko yangoku kunye nekamva lamandla enyukliya
Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yamandla kunye nesidingo sokunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu, amazwe amaninzi kwakhona athathela ingqalelo amandla enyukliya njengenxalenye yomxube wawo wamandla.
Ehlabathini lonke, kukho oomatshini bokusabela abangama-59 abasakhiwayo nezinye ezininzi ezicetywayo, ngakumbi eAsia. Phakathi kweendlela eziphawulekayo sifumana:
- Isizukulwana sesine seereactors: ikhuseleke, isebenze ngakumbi kwaye ivelise inkunkuma encinci.
- Iimodyuli ezincinci zereactor (SMR): Ngoyilo oludityanisiweyo, zilungele iindawo ezikude okanye ezo zinemfuno zamandla aphantsi.
- Udibaniso lweNyukliya: Iiprojekthi ezifana ne-ITER eFransi ziphanda ubugcisa obunokuguqula ukuveliswa kwamandla acocekileyo ngaphandle kwenkunkuma eyingozi.
Into ephambili iya kuba kukulungelelanisa ukutsha, ukhuseleko, iindleko, kunye nombono woluntu ukugqiba ukuba ngaba ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwexesha elizayo kobu buchwepheshe.
Uthelekiso: Amandla eNyukliya ngokuchasene namandla ahlaziyekayo
Ukuthelekisa amandla enyukliya nelanga, umoya, umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi, i-geothermal, okanye i-biomass kufuna ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezininzi.
- Izinto ezikhutshwayo: Zombini inyukliya kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo aphantse akhuphe iqanda ngexesha lokusebenza, kodwa amandla ahlaziyekayo abonwa ecocekile ngokwembono yawo wonke umjikelo wobomi.
- Ikhefu: Amandla elanga nawomoya axhomekeke kwimozulu, ngelixa amandla enyukliya esebenza 24/7 ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
- Ixabiso: Izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zihlala zinciphisa iindleko zofakelo. Amandla enyukliya, nangona kutshiphu ukusebenza, kubiza kakhulu ukuwakha.
- Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo: Amandla enyukliya afuna umhlaba omncinci ngokwemegawathi nganye eyenziweyo, kodwa inkunkuma yawo ifuna ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ukuhlalisana kobuchwephesha bobabini kunokuba sesona sisombululo silungeleleneyo sokuqinisekisa inkqubo ezinzileyo, enekhabhoni ephantsi, kunye nekhuselekileyo. Ukuqonda nzulu umxholo wamandla enyukliya, jonga inqaku lethu Umahluko kunye nokufana phakathi kwamandla amalahle kunye nenyukliya.
