Los Iibhayoloji Zizibaso ezifunyenwe kwizityalo okanye kwi-biomass yezilwanyana. La mafutha akhuthazwa njengesisombululo esizinzileyo samandla xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili. Bahlelwa ngokwezizukulwana ezithathu ngokwemvelaphi yabo, nangona kuphinda kuthethwe ngesesine esikwinqanaba lophuhliso.
Isizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels
Los Isizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels Yaba zezokuqala ukuphuhliswa kwaye ziveliswa kwizityalo zokutya. Oku kuquka umbona, umoba, iimbotyi zesoya, kunye nezinye izityalo zezolimo ezisetyenziselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu okanye izilwanyana. Ezi zixhaphakileyo ze-biofuels yi-bioethanol kunye ne-biodiesel.
I-United States kunye neBrazil ngabavelisi abakhulu bolu hlobo lwe-biofuel. Ubukhulu becala basebenzisa umbona kunye neswekile ukwenza ibioethanol, ngelixa iYurophu ingqiyame ekusetyenzisweni kwezityalo ezifana nengqolowa kunye neebhiti. Esi sizukulwana se-biofuel siphakamisa inkxalabo ngenxa ye ukusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo emiselwe ukuveliswa kokutya, okunokuvelisa ukunqabiseka kokutya kunye nokuchaphazela amaxabiso eemveliso.
Kwimeko ye-bioethanol, akukho ntlukwano ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali kwimveliso yokugqibela ephuma kuzo zombini izityalo zokutya kunye nezinye iintlobo zezinto eziluhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwesizukulwana sokuqala se-bioethanol kunoqoqosho ngakumbi kuba iveliswa kwimithombo esele ikhona, njengombona kunye nommoba.
IBiodiesel Isizukulwana sokuqala senziwa ikakhulu kwioli yemifuno (efana neembotyi zesoya okanye ioli yesundu) okanye amafutha ezilwanyana. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yi-transesterification, eguqula i-triglycerides ibe yi-biodiesel ngokukhupha i-glycerin.
Ngelishwa, kwixesha elide, olu hlobo lwe-biofuel aluthathwa njengesisombululo esizinzileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu komhlaba wokulima kwizityalo zamandla kunokuvelisa iingxaki ezinzulu zokusingqongileyo, ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi okanye ukuphela kwezondlo zomhlaba. Emva koko, utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela izivuno zezityalo, okwenza ukuzinza kolu hlobo lwe-biofuels kwinqanaba elikhulu kunzima.
Isizukulwana sesibini se-biofuels
Los isizukulwana sesibini se-biofuels Bafuna ukoyisa imida yokusingqongileyo neyentlalo yesizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels. Ziveliswa ukusuka inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo okanye izinto ezingezizo ukutya, njengeentsalela zezityalo, iintsalela zehlathi okanye ioli esele isetyenzisiwe. Ezi biofuels zinceda ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kumhlaba wolimo kwaye zenze kube lula ukusebenzisa inkunkuma ebinokuthi ithathwe njengento engenamsebenzi.
I-Biodiesel kolu didi inokufumaneka kwioli esetyenzisiweyo, njengeoli yokupheka esetyenzisiweyo, okwenza olu hlobo lwe-biofuel luzinze ngakumbi. Ngaphaya koko, ukuveliswa kwe biogas, njengemethane, inokwenziwa ngokugaywa kwenkunkuma ephilayo.
Isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels
Los isizukulwana sesithathu se-biofuels zifunyanwa ikakhulu kwi ulwelwe, ezikwazi ukuvelisa izixa ezikhulu lipids -ngaphezu kwama-50% ubunzima babo-. Ezi lipids zingatshintshwa zibe yi-biodiesel ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa ngamafutha emifuno. Nangona zingekaveliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, i-algae biofuels imele ukhetho oluthembisayo ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kwazo kunye nefuthe eliphantsi kusetyenziso lomhlaba wezolimo.
I-algae ingakhula emhlabeni ongafanelanga ukulima kwaye ayikhuphisani nezityalo zokutya. Kwixesha elizayo, olu hlobo lwe-biofuel kulindeleke ukuba ludlale indima ephambili kutshintsho lwamandla ukuya kwimithombo ecocekileyo nezinzileyo.
Ukubaluleka kunye nemingeni yexesha elizayo
Nangona i-biofuels inikezela enye indawo kumafutha efosili, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iimpembelelo zexesha elide zemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Isizukulwana sokuqala se-biofuels, ngakumbi, sisamele ingxaki phakathi kokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokuhlangabezana nemfuno yamandla yehlabathi.
I-UN ivakalise inkxalabo malunga nefuthe le-biofuels yesizukulwana sokuqala ekutyeni kwehlabathi, icebisa amazwe ukuba agxile ekuphuhliseni i-biofuels ephucukileyo. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, i-biofuels yesizukulwana sesibini nesesithathu kulindeleke ukuba ibe yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuqinisekisa imveliso yamandla ezinzileyo nesebenzayo.
Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwemozulu lolunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo kule nxaki. Imbalela, ukutshabalala kwentlango kunye nezinye iziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu zichaphazela imveliso yezolimo yehlabathi, ngoko ke ukunyanzelisa ukulinywa okunzulu ukuze kuveliswe i-biofuel yesizukulwana sokuqala kunokwenza iingxaki ezikhoyo zokusingqongileyo.
Ngamafutshane, i-biofuels kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yenguqu yamandla ebanzi equka ezinye iindlela zamandla ahlaziyekayo afana nelanga okanye umoya. Isisombululo esiqinisekileyo silele ekufumaneni ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwemveliso yamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithombo yendalo kunye nokutya. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, isizukulwana sesibini kunye nesesithathu i-biofuels inika isithembiso sekamva lamandla azinzileyo.