La Ukhuseleko lwenyukliya kunye nokhuseleko lokusasazeka ngemitha Le ayiyomiba nje yobugcisa ebekelwe iingcaphephe kuphela: ichaphazela ngqo impilo yoluntu, okusingqongileyo, kunye nokuthembela koluntu kwizixhobo zenyukliya neradioactive. Emva kwazo zonke iziko lamandla enyukliya, zonke iziko lamayeza enyukliya, okanye zonke ukugcinwa kwenkunkumaKukho inkqubo epheleleyo yezikhokelo, imiyalelo, kunye nezicwangciso zongxamiseko ezilungiselelwe ngocoselelo ukuthintela izehlo nokuthatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle.
ESpain, le nethiwekhi ixhomekeke kuyo imiyalelo evela IBhunga lezoKhuseleko lweNyukliya (CSN)Izikhokelo zoKhuseleko, imimiselo yelizwe kunye neYurophu, kunye namava afunyenwe kwiingozi kunye ne-drills, kubandakanywa nefuthe likaFukushima kwi-2011, bonke baye badlala indima. Ngelo xesha, ulawulo lwangoku lwala maziko luhlala kunye nezibophelelo zedijithali ezifana imigaqo cookie kwiiwebhusayithi zamaziko, ekufuneka ngokunjalo zihambelane nemithetho nemigaqo yokungafihli. Makhe sijonge, ngokuzolileyo nangolwimi olucacileyo, ukuba ezi zikhokelo zokuphunyezwa kokhuseleko lwenyukliya zakhiwe njani, yintoni efunwa ngumlawuli, zicwangciswa njani izicwangciso zangaphakathi zonxunguphalo, kwaye yintoni indima edlalwa lulwazi nomgangatho kule nkqubo iphela.
Ubume bomthetho kunye nendima yeBhunga loKhuseleko lweNyukliya
Indawo yokuqala eSpain kukuba i-CSN inomsebenzi osemthethweni we lungisa imiyalelo, iisetyhula kunye nezikhokelo zobugcisa ezinxulumene nofakelo lwenyukliya nolwemitha yemitha kunye nemisebenzi enxibelelene noKhuseleko lweNyukliya kunye noKhuseleko lweRadiological. Oku kuthatyathwe kwiSiqendu 2(a) soMthetho we-15/1980, owadala iBhunga loKhuseleko lweNyukliya, elinika eli qumrhu igunya lokuseka imilinganiselo yobugcisa ekufuneka abanini bofakelo bahlangabezane nayo, yenze inxalenye isakhelo esisemthethweni esibalulekileyo.
Ukongeza kweli gunya lolawulo, uMthetho 15/1980 unika imisebenzi ye-CSN ye ulawulo, ukubeka esweni nokuhlola yamaziko ukusuka ekugunyazisweni ukuya ekuvalweni kwawo, kwakunye nokudlala indima ephambili kulawulo olungxamisekileyo (Inqaku lesi-2.f). Oko kukuthi, i-CSN ayiphumeli nje kuphela amaxwebhu, kodwa iphinda yongamele ukuthotyelwa kwabasebenzisi kwaye iphendule xa kukho unxunguphalo lwenyukliya okanye ngemitha.
Ulawulo olungxamisekileyo lwakhiwe kumanqanaba amabini ahluke ngokucacileyo kodwa alungelelanisiweyo: kwelinye icala, inqanaba lempendulo yangaphakathi, ewela kumnini weziko kwaye ibonakaliswe kwiSicwangciso saNgaphakathi sikaNgxamiseko (IEP); kwelinye icala, i inqanaba lempendulo yangaphandle, uxanduva lwamagunya afanelekileyo okhuselo loluntu kwaye lubonakaliswe kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle zikaxakeka (iSicwangciso esiSiseko seNgxamiseko yeNyukliya, izikhokelo ezisisiseko, njl. njl.).
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye ngenxa yamava aqokelelwe kwi-drills kunye nokulawulwa kweziganeko zangempela kwizityalo zamandla zaseSpain, i-CSN iye yakhuthaza. iinkqubo eziqhubekayo zokuphucula Kulungiselelo olungxamisekileyo kunye nocwangciso, izikhokelo ezifana noNombolo 1.03 kwizicwangciso zongxamiseko kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya kunye neNombolo ye-1.09 ekuqeqesheni nasekuzilolongeni ziye zavunywa zaphononongwa. Imiyalelo yobuGcisa eyoNgezelelweyo (ITC) kunye neeleta ezithile ezinemilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo nazo zikhutshiwe.
Ukulandela ingozi kunye nefuthe le FukushimaKufundwe izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nolawulo lwe iingozi ezingaphaya koyilo lwesiseko (umonakalo omkhulu, ilahleko yexesha elide yonikezelo lwamandla, ilahleko yokucwila kobushushu bokugqibela, iimpembelelo kwiindawo ezinkulu zesityalo, njl. njl.). Ukudibanisa ezi zifundo, i-CSN idinga imilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo nge-ITC, kubandakanywa iimfuno ezithile kulawulo olungxamisekileyo kunye nezikhokelo zesenzo xa kwenzeka ingozi enkulu.
Umgaqo wokukhusela ubunzulu kunye neenjongo zoMyalelo
Isitshixo kukhuseleko kwiziko lamandla enyukliya yinto ebizwa ngokuba umgaqo wokhuselo ngokunzuluIbandakanya ukuseka amanqanaba alandelelanayo kunye nazimeleyo okhuseleko, kokubini kuyilo kunye nolwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza, ukuthintela ukusilela okukodwa kobugcisa, komntu okanye umbutho ekubangeleni umonakalo kubemi okanye kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokwenza indibaniselwano yokusilela okumandundu kungenzeki ngokugqithisileyo.
Elinye lala manqanaba okhuseleko yi inkqubo yolawulo olungxamisekileyo Le nkqubo kufuneka ivumele impendulo esebenzayo kwiimeko zokuvezwa konxunguphalo ezivela kwiingozi ezinokubonwa kwangaphambili. Yakhiwe kwizigaba ezintathu eziphambili ekufuneka ziqondwe ngokucacileyo: ukucwangciswa kongxamiseko, ukulungiswa kongxamiseko, kunye nokusabela kongxamiseko, konke oku kudityaniswe kwiimfuno ezimiselwe yi-CSN (iBhunga loKhuseleko lweNyukliya).
isigaba se isicwangciso sikaxakeka Ijolise ekuchazeni kwangaphambili iinjongo, ubume bombutho, amagunya, uxanduva, kunye neentshukumo zohlobo ngalunye lwemeko kaxakeka echongiweyo kuvavanyo lomngcipheko weziko. Ayiloxwebhu nje; iseka isakhelo esicacileyo sentshukumo kuyo nayiphi na imeko.
La ukulungela unxunguphalo Injongo yalo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iziko ngokwenene linezakhono eziyimfuneko (abantu, ubugcisa, kunye nezibonelelo zombutho) ukuphumeza amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo othintelo kunye nokunciphisa kwimeko yonxunguphalo. Oku kubandakanya uqeqesho lwabasebenzi, uqheliso nokulinganisa, kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo neziseko zoncedo.
Ekugqibeleni i impendulo kaxakeka Oku kubandakanya ukuphumeza izenzo ezichaziweyo zokukhusela abantu, ipropati, kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukulungelelanisa impendulo yangaphakathi kunye nezicwangciso zangaphandle kunye namagunya. Kwesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukuba unxibelelwano nabasemagunyeni lukhawuleze, luthembeke, kwaye luphelele ukuze amanyathelo okhuseleko lwabemi alingane kwaye abe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Injongo, umda kunye neenkcazo eziphambili
UMyalelo we-CSN wocwangciso, ulungiselelo kunye nokusabela kwiimeko zikaxakeka zenyukliya kunye neradiyoloji ujolise ekusekeni iimfuno ezisebenzayo kwinqanaba lempendulo yangaphakathi yazo zonke izibonelelo zenyukliya eSpain, ngexesha lazo zonke izigaba zobomi babo (ukusebenza, ukupheliswa kokusebenza, ukudilizwa, njl.). Ayipheleli kwizityalo ezisebenzayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya nezinye iindawo ezinobungozi obunxulumene neradiyoloji.
Ukuqinisekisa ulwimi oluqhelekileyo, uMyalelo uthatha njengereferensi iinkcazo zemigangatho eyahlukeneyo: Umthetho wama-25/1964 kuMandla eNyukliya, uMthetho we-CSN 15/1980, iRoyal Decree 1836/1999 kufakelo lwenyukliya kunye neradioactive, iRoyal Decree 783/2001 ekukhuseleni kwimitha ye-ionizing, iRoyal Decree 1546/2004 kwiSiseko seSiseko seNyukliya 1 kwiSicwangciso seNyukliya esiSiseko 10 kwiSiseko seSiseko seNyukliya10 kwiSiseko seSiseko seNyukliya15 ucwangciso lomngcipheko weradiyoloji.
Ukongezelela, isicatshulwa sibandakanya iinkcazo ezithile zolawulo olungxamisekileyo, njenge IZiko leNkxaso likaNgxamiseko (ECC), umbutho owodwa kunye nombindi onokuxhasa nasiphi na isixhobo samandla enyukliya saseSpain xa kukho ingozi enkulu, ukubonelela ngezixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye nabasebenzi kwabo bakwisiza.
Oku kulandelayo kuchazwe kwakhona: Elinye iZiko loLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo (CAGE), esebenza njengomyalelo wexakeka kunye neziko lolawulo ngaphakathi kwendawo xa amaziko aqhelekileyo engafumaneki; i Iziko leNkxaso yokuSebenza (OSC), exhasa ukusebenza ngexesha likaxakeka; i Iziko leNkxaso yobuGcisa (CAT), njengeziko lolawulo eliphambili; i IZiko eliNgxamisekileyo laNgaphandle (CEE) kunye Iziko leNkxaso yaNgaphandle (ESC), zombini zibekwe ngaphandle kwendawo kwaye zijolise kwinkxaso yolungiselelo, ulungelelwaniso kunye nokubeka iliso ngemitha.
Ezinye iikhonsepthi ezifanelekileyo zezi Umonakalo Obanzi (iimeko ezingaphaya kwesiseko soyilo kunye nelahleko yamandla ombane ixesha elide, isinki yokugqibela yobushushu okanye iindawo ezinkulu zomzi-mveliso), Izikhokelo zoLawulo lweeNgozi eziMandundu (SAGG), Las IziKhokelo zokuNciphisa uLonakalo oluBanzi (WDMG) okanye IziKhokelo eziNgxamisekileyo zomonakalo omkhulu (EDEG), ezibandakanya izicwangciso zokusebenza ezithile zokunciphisa ezi meko zinzima.
Ukuhlelwa kweengozi kunye neziganeko zokuqalisa
Inkqubo yolawulo olungxamisekileyo kufuneka ilungele ukujongana nayo, ubuncinci, iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko zeengozi: ezo zifakwe kwiSifundo soKhuseleko lweziko (ukuyila uhlalutyo lwengozi yesiseko), izingozi ezingaphaya kwesiseko soyilo olufunwa yi-CSN kwaye, kwimeko yezityalo zamandla, iimeko ezivela kwiimvavanyo zokuxinzelela emva kweFukushima (umonakalo omkhulu kunye nokulahlekelwa kweendawo ezinkulu).
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuthotywa kokhuseleko kunye neempembelelo zeradiyoloji ezinokubakho zangaphandle, iziganeko zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iindidi ezine zikaxakekaUdidi I (Pre-alert) ibandakanya iziganeko ezilinganiselweyo kunye nobunzima Oku kubonisa ukuthotywa okunokwenzeka kokhuseleko kodwa ngaphandle kwesoyikiso esikhawulezileyo kubasebenzi okanye kuluntu. Udidi lwe-II (Isilumkiso seNgxamiseko) lubandakanya iziganeko ezinokukhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwinqanaba lokhuseleko, nangona kungabikho ukukhutshwa okudinga amanyathelo angxamisekileyo okukhusela ngaphandle kulindeleke.
Udidi III (iNdawo eNgxamisekileyo) lubandakanya iimeko ezinokuthi zibangele ukwanda okubalulekileyo kokuvezwa kwabasebenzi beziko, ezifuna amanyathelo okukhusela angaphakathiUkukhutshwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kufikelele ngaphaya kwendawo ephantsi kolawulo lomsebenzisi (i-ZBCE), kodwa ngaphandle kokugqithisa imilinganiselo yedosimetric enokufuna amanyathelo angxamisekileyo okukhusela uluntu.
Udidi IV (uNgxamiseko Jikelele) lugcinelwe iziganeko ezibandakanya a umngcipheko wokwenyani okanye onokubakho wokuvezwa koluntu okubalulekileyo okanye ezikhutshwa ngaphandle ezifuna ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko angxamisekileyo ngaphandle kwendawo. Iidosi ezisebenzayo ezingaphezulu kwe-10 mSv kwiiyure ezingama-48 okanye iidosi ezilingana nedlala lengqula ezingaphezu kwe-100 mSv ziyaqwalaselwa apha.
Kuhlobo ngalunye lwengozi kunye nodidi, indawo kufuneka ichonge ukuqala iziganeko ukuba, xa iqinisekisiwe, ifuna ukusebenza kwe-PEI. Ezi ziganeko kufuneka zichazwe ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kwendawo yokutolika ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kwaye zidityaniswe kumaqela ahlukeneyo (umzekelo, ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokubonelela ngomphunga wenyukliya, kwezinye iinkqubo, kwimililo, kukhuseleko lomzimba, kwiziganeko zangaphandle, okanye kukhuseleko lokusasazeka ngemitha).
Izenzo, amanqanaba okuvezwa kunye nokhuseleko lomzimba
Emva kokuba iindidi kunye neziganeko zokuqalisa zichongiwe, umbutho kufuneka uchaze iintshukumo ezithile ezinxulumeneyo kudidi ngalunye. Ezi zenzo zisusela kwimisebenzi yezityalo ukubuyisela amanqanaba okhuseleko, ukwaziswa kwabasemagunyeni, ukubeka iliso kunye novavanyo lwexesha likaxakeka, ukusabela kunye nokukhuselwa kwamanyathelo, ukuvuselela izibonelelo kunye neziseko okanye uncedo kubasebenzi abachaphazelekayo.
Isenzo ngasinye kufuneka sicaciswe ngokucacileyo isiganeko esiyibangelayoIsicwangciso masibandakanye umntu onoxanduva lokwenziwa kwaso, iindlela eziyimfuneko kunye nezibonelelo, iziphumo ezilindelekileyo, kunye nawo nawaphi na amanyathelo okuncedisana ekufuneka enziwe ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva. Konke oku kufuneka kuyilwe ngokulandela umthetho-siseko wokwandisa ngokwembono yokhuselo lwemitha, kubasebenzi beziko kunye noluntu.
Ngokumalunga namanqanaba okuvezwa kwabasebenzi, umnini makaqinisekise ukuba abo bangengabo abasebenzi bongenelelo ngoncedo abagqithi kumlinganiselo wexesha imida yethamo likawonke-wonke esekwe yimimiselo ngexesha likaxakeka. Kubasebenzi bongenelelo, amanqanaba ethamo lereferensi kufuneka achazwe ngezantsi okanye, xa oku kungenakwenzeka, alingane okanye angaphantsi kwe-100 mSv; kuphela kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, kunye nolwazi olupheleleyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela, amanqanaba ereferensi phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-500 mSv evunyelwe kwimisebenzi efana nokusindisa ubomi okanye ukuthintela iziphumo eziyingozi.
Elinye inqaku elinovakalelo lunxibelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lomzimba kunye nokhuseleko lwenyukliya. Kwimeko yokuqaliswa kweziganeko ezinxulumene ne ukhuseleko lomzimba lwezikoIinkqubo kufuneka zisekwe ukwenzela ukuba umlawuli we-PEI afumane iingcebiso ngokukhawuleza kwigosa lokhuseleko lomzimba, ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo isiganeko, ukuvavanya ubunzima baso, kunye nokulungelelanisa izenzo zeSicwangciso soKhuseleko loMzimba kunye ne-PEI.
Yonke le seti yezenzo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo zonke iindlela zokusebenza zofakelo, cwangcisa iintshukumo ezithile kwiiyunithi ezingachaphazelekanga kwiindawo ezinee-reactors ezininzi kwaye ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokugcinwa kwabo bonke abasebenzi ngaphakathi kwendawo, nokuba bangabasebenzi benkampani okanye hayi.
Umbutho wokusabela ngokungxamisekileyo (ERO) kunye namaziko olawulo
Umnini unyanzelekile ukuba aseke a Umbutho wokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo (ERO) Ilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo, ifanelekile, kwaye ixhotyiselwe ukujongana nazo zonke iingozi ezichongiweyo kuhlalutyo lokhuseleko. Lo mbutho kufuneka uhlangabezane neekhrayitheriya ezine ezisisiseko: ukuzinza (ukukwazi ukugcina impendulo ngexesha elide), ukuguquguquka (ukutshintsha kunye nokuphuka), ukugqiba (ukugubungela yonke imisebenzi), kunye nokuqina (ukukhusela kunye nokulawulwa kwabasebenzi bokungenelela).
Ngaphakathi kule ORE, a isigxina somsebenzi shift kwiziko kunye nendawo yokumisa kaxakeka ngokulula. izixhobo zombane ezisebenzayoIqela le-on-call kufuneka likwazi ukuba sesiza ngaphakathi kweyure enye emva kokuba isebenze; ixesha elide lokuphendula linokuthetheleleka kwezinye iindawo, kodwa zihlala zineenqobo ezicacileyo. Uhlalutyo lwesayizi kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo iingozi ezimbi kakhulu, ilahleko enokubakho yeendawo ezinkulu, kunye nokungakwazi kweqela ekufowuneni ukufikelela kwindawo iiyure ezingama-24.
Inani le UMlawuli we-PEI Le nxaxheba ibalulekile: ibandakanya ukubhengeza imeko yongxamiseko, ukuvakalisa ukuphela kwayo, ukwazisa abasemagunyeni, kunye nokuqondisa zonke izenzo zokuphendula kunye nokusebenza. Kufuneka kucace gca ukuba zeziphi na izikhundla ezinokuthatha le ndima, ulandelelwano lokugqwesa, kunye nendlela yokudlulisa umyalelo xa kukho utshintsho kubunkokeli.
El Itshathi ye-ORE yombutho kufuneka iinkcukacha izikhundla, ukuxhomekeka kwabo ngokwemigangatho, imisebenzi kunye noxanduvangokunjalo nabantu abanokuzalisa isithuba ngasinye kunye nolandelelwano lokulandelelana. Konke oku kungasentla kubhalwe phantsi kwaye kuhlaziywa ngamaxesha athile ukuze kulungiswe kwiinguqu kwiplanti okanye kwimimiselo.
Ngokwembono yeziseko ezingundoqo, indawo yoncedo kufuneka, ubuncinci, ibe nye igumbi lokulawula elisebenza ekuqaleni njengeziko lolawulo olungxamisekileyo kunye a Iziko leNkxaso yobuGcisa (CAT)Amaziko ombane asebenzayo nawo ane IKHASIIyilwe ngeenqobo zokuqina, ukhuselo lwemitha, ukuxhathisa inyikima kunye nokuhlala ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-72 kubantu abaninzi, ngobonelelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo, umoya ococekileyo, umoya ococekileyo, unxibelelwano olomeleziweyo (kubandakanywa nesathelayithi), iindawo zokungacoceki, ilabhoratri yeradiometric kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
Amanye amaziko, i-CAE kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso
Ukongeza kumaziko aphambili, amanye amaziko achazwe kwizityalo zamandla asebenzayo. amaziko kaxakeka kunye neendawo Njengama-CAO (amaZiko oNcedo lokuSebenza), iindawo zokukhutshwa kwabasebenzi, i-CEE (iZiko lokuPhendula ngoNgxamiseko), i-CSE (iZiko leeNkonzo eziNgxamisekileyo), iiplatifomu zokukhupha umoya, iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zamaqela okunciphisa ingozi enzima, amanqaku akhuselweyo, kunye nemimandla yonyango. Kwimeko nganye, kufuneka kucaciswe indawo, izixhobo zokusebenza, imisebenzi kaxakeka, inkqubo yokuvula, abasebenzi abangabasebenzi, nonxibelelaniso namanye amaziko.
Uphawu olwahlulayo lwenkqubo yaseSpain bubukho be Iziko leNkxaso yaNgaphandle (CAE)Indawo esembindini ebekwe ngaphandle kwendawo, exhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezivavanyiweyo nezilondolozwe kwaye inabasebenzi abaqeqeshelwe ukuxhasa izicwangciso zokunciphisa nawuphi na umzi-mveliso kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuqaliswa. Iikhrayitheriya zisekiwe zokucela izibonelelo zayo, iinkqubo zokusebenza nezothutho, izicwangciso zoqeqesho, kunye neendlela zokujongana nokusilela.
Umnini kufuneka agcine iikhompyutha eziphathwayo ukuphumeza izicwangciso-qhinga zokunciphisa kwiimeko zomonakalo omkhulu (iimpompo, iijenereyitha, izixhobo zokulinganisa, njl.njl.), kwakunye nothutho lwenkqubo yokucupha ngokungxamisekileyo ngaphandle kwesiza. Esi sixhobo kufuneka silinganiswe ukuze sisebenze phantsi kweziseko ezingundoqo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
Kwelinye icala, kulindeleke inkxaso yangaphandle kwiindawo ezinjengokucima umlilo, ukhuseleko lomzimba, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nolungiselelo. Ngokukodwa, i-Military Emergency Unit (UME) ithathwa njengenkxaso, engazange iyimfuneko, inkxaso: I-Ofisi yokuSebenza yeNgingqi (ORE) kufuneka ikwazi ukuzimela ngaphandle kwezixhobo zayo, nangona isaziso esithile kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa kunye ne-UME inokusekwa kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu.
Zonke ezi ndlela kunye nezibonelelo kufuneka zithotyelwe a inkqubo yogcino kunye novavanyo eqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo, ichaza iintlobo zovavanyo, iindlela zokwamkelwa, iifrikhwensi, kunye nemilinganiselo yembuyekezo kwimeko yeziphumo ezingonelisiyo. Nokuba ukhuselo lonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi kwisiza kufuneka luvavanywe ngamaxesha athile.
IsiCwangciso sikaNgxamiseko saNgaphakathi (IEP) kunye nolawulo lwaso
I-PEI yiyo uxwebhu olusemthethweni lokusebenza elichaza iingozi ezibonwa kwangaphambili zesibonelelo, umbutho ukujongana nabo, isaziso kumaziko afanelekileyo, amanyathelo okukhusela abasebenzi, iindlela ezithile kunye nezixhobo zongxamiseko kunye nenkqubo yoqeqesho kunye nenkqubo yokuzivocavoca eqinisekisa ukusebenza kombutho wokuphendula.
Esi sicwangciso siquka iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezifana Indawo yesiza, ukuphakama kwayo ngaphezu komgangatho wolwandle, intsebenziswano yomnini kunye nezicwangciso ezingxamisekileyo zangaphandle (i-Plaben, i-DBRR), iindlela zokulungelelanisa kunye namagunya angaphandle, uluhlu lweenkqubo eziphuhlisa isicwangciso kunye neendlela ezisisiseko kunye neemfuno ezimiselwe yi-CSN Instruction.
Uhlengahlengiso kwi-PEI oluchaphazela uKhuseleko lweNyukliya okanye uKhuseleko lweRadiological kufuneka ivunywe licandelo elinobuchule ngengxelo entle evela kwiCSN. Oku kuya kubandakanya utshintsho ngenxa yemimiselo emitsha, utshintsho ekuqaliseni iziganeko, kwiikhrayitheriya zokuhlela ngokukhawuleza, kwintlangano yokuphendula, izibonelelo kunye nezixhobo, izenzo zokuphendula, imisebenzi yenkxaso yangaphandle okanye kwinkqubo yoqeqesho.
Umfanekiso we utshintsho oluncinciOlu hlaziyo aluchaphazeli imiba ebalulekileyo ekhankanywe kwaye, ukuba isigunyaziso sivumela, sinokuvunywa ngokuthe ngqo ngumnini. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlaziyo kwi-PEI lungeniswa kwi-CSN kunye nengxelo ethethelelayo ukuba ngokwenene luncinci kwaye alunakuze lunciphise umgangatho weemfuno zohlaziyo lwangoku.
Ulawulo loqwalaselo lwe-PEI lubandakanya iinkqubo zokuhlalutya, ukuhlaziya kunye nokuphucula zombini isicwangciso kunye namaxwebhu aphuhlisayo, ukubeka imihla ebekiweyo yokungena ekusebenzeni kohlaziyo olutsha, ukuhanjiswa kweekopi ezilawulwayo kuwo onke amaziko kaxakeka kunye noqeqesho oluthile kubasebenzi be-ORE malunga notshintsho olwenziweyo.
Uqeqesho, imithambo kunye nokulinganisa
Amalungiselelo okwenene e-ORE axhomekeke kakhulu kwi iziqinisekiso zabasebenziKe ngoko, umphathi kufuneka ahlalutye iimfuno zoqeqesho kwisikhundla ngasinye usebenzisa indlela yeSAT (iNdlela yeNkqubo yoQeqesho) kwaye aseke. iinkqubo zoqeqesho lokuqala namaxesha ngamaxeshaithiyori nepraktikhali, ezihlaziywa qho ngonyaka ukubandakanya izifundo ezifundiweyo, utshintsho olulawulayo kunye namava afanelekileyo.
Le nkqubo kufuneka ibandakanye iikhrayitheriya zovavanyo lokuthobelaAmanyathelo embuyekezo akhona ukuba iinjongo azifezekiswanga, kwaye kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izikhundla zinabasebenzi abafanelekileyo abaneziqinisekiso zoncedo oluthatha ixesha elide, kwanabo bathatha iiveki ezininzi okanye abachaphazela iiyunithi ezininzi. Uqeqesho lwexesha elinye alwanelanga: uqeqesho luyaqhubeka kwaye luphononongwa rhoqo ngonyaka.
Ngaphaya koko, isihloko sichaza a isicwangciso soqeqesho ngokwenza imithambo echonga yonke imisebenzi enxulumene nezenzo zodidi ngalunye olungxamisekileyo, kubandakanywa izicwangciso zeGEDE kunye neGMDE apho kufanelekileyo. Kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba zonke iimeko kunye nomxholo zifundiswa kwithuba elingadlulanga kwiminyaka emihlanu, kwaye kukho inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuvavanya imisebenzi kunye nokucaphula izifundo ezifundiweyo.
Ukuzivocavoca kufuneka kubandakanye ukuphathwa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo (unxibelelwano, uvavanyo lwengozi, uqikelelo lwethamo, ukucima umlilo, uncedo lwezonyango, ukubeka iliso ngemitha, izixhobo eziphathwayo kunye neenkqubo zeplanti), ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela umntu; umyalelo kunye nokulawula izenzoUkulungelelaniswa phakathi kwamaqela angxamisekileyo, ukuphathwa kweenkqubo kunye nezikhokelo, ukuqokelela isampula, ukukhutshwa, ukubalwa kwabasebenzi, kunye nokulungelelaniswa nenkxaso yangaphandle.
Kwangaxeshanye, ziyaphuhliswa Iinkqubo zokubhola ze-PEIKwimizi-mveliso yamandla ombane, kufuneka kuqhutywe ubuncinane i-drill enye kaxakeka ngonyaka, kunye nemeko eyenza zonke izikhundla zisebenze kwiQela lokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo (ERT). IBhunga loKhuseleko lweNyukliya (CSN) limisela ubuncinane bomda wonyaka, kwaye kwimijikelo yeminyaka emihlanu, iimeko ezifana nezenzo zobutshaba kwisiza, iingozi eziguquka ngokukhawuleza, iimpembelelo zangaxeshanye kwiiyunithi ezininzi, iingozi zomonakalo omkhulu, okanye ilahleko yamaziko kaxakeka kufuneka ivavanywe.
Isaziso, unxibelelwano kunye nokuphela konxunguphalo
Xa isiganeko sokuqalisa njengoko sichaziwe kwi-PEI sisenzeka, umnini kufuneka yazisa i-CSN (ngeSalem) kunye neZiko loLungelelaniso lokuSebenza lolawulo olungxamisekileyo lwangaphandle ngaphakathi kwamaxesha anzima kakhulu: ngaphakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 ngezwi kunye nemizuzu engama-60 ngokudluliselwa kwedatha ukusuka ekuchongweni kweso siganeko.
Ifomathi yesaziso kufuneka ibandakanye ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nesibonelelo esichaphazelekayo, icandelo likaxakeka, ixesha lesehlo, ubume boncedo, umqobo womqobo, iimeko zemozulu, kunye noqikelelo lwexesha lomthombo. impembelelo yeradiyoloji elindelekileyoIzicelo zoncedo lwangaphandle, izicwangciso zokufuduka kubasebenzi abangabalulekanga, kunye neenkcukacha zabenzakeleyo nabangcolisekileyo zibandakanyiwe. Kwizityalo ezineeyunithi ezimbini, imeko yeyunithi nganye ichaziwe, kwaye udidi olugcinayo luyamkelwa kwisiza.
Isibonelelo kufuneka sibe nobuncinci iinethiwekhi ezimbini ezizimeleyo nezingafunekiyo Iinkqubo zonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaziko abo angxamisekileyo kunye nenkqubo ye-Salem ye-CSN iyakwazi ukuxhasa ukuhanjiswa kwezwi kunye nedatha kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. Ukuba iisistim ezizenzekelayo ziyasilela, umnini uza kuthumela ngamaxesha athile iiparameters ezibalulekileyo ngeendlela ezizezinye, ezinobuninzi bemizuzu engama-30 okanye njengoko kumiselwe yi-CSN.
Kwizityalo zamandla ezinezibaso ezikwisiza, a enye inkqubo yesathelayithi Ukuthembeka okuphezulu kubalulekile kunxibelelwano kunye namaziko olawulo lwangaphandle (i-CECOP, i-Salem) kunye nabasebenzi be-ORE. Ngaphaya koko, xa kusenziwa kusebenze inkqubo ehluziweyo yokungenisa umoya kulindelwe, uMlawuli we-PEI kufuneka azise iSalem kunye ne-CECOP kwangaphambili ukulungelelanisa impendulo yangaphandle.
Iikhrayitheriya zokuphelisa unxunguphalo lwangaphakathi kufuneka zichazwe kwangaphambili, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imeko yeziko, indawo, kunye nolungelelwaniso namagunya angaphandle. Emva kokuba imeko engxamisekileyo iphelile, umqhubi kufuneka angenise ingxelo kwi-CSN kwiintsuku ze-30. ingxelo kaxakeka eneenkcukacha kunye nenkcazo, ukulandelelana kweziganeko, izenzo, uvandlakanyo ngeradiyoloji, izifundo ezifundiweyo, iziphene ezifunyenweyo kunye namanyathelo okulungisa anemihla ebekiweyo kunye namaqela anoxanduva.
Ubhaliso, uqinisekiso lomgangatho kunye nokuxolelwa
Zonke iirekhodi ezenziweyo ngexesha lokusabela kwimeko engxamisekileyo ziyaqwalaselwa iirekhodi eziphantsi koqinisekiso lomgangatho nokugcinwa ngokusisigxina. Uhlaziyo ngalunye olutsha lwe-PEI kunye neenkqubo eziphuhlisayo kufuneka zithunyelwe zingadlulanga iintsuku ezili-10 ubuninzi kwiSalem ye-CSN nakwiziko lonxibelelaniso lwangaphandle elingqinelanayo, soloko njengamaxwebhu alawulwayo.
Inkqubo yolawulo olungxamisekileyo idityaniswe kwi inkqubo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho wabaniniKuxhomekeke kuphicotho lonyaka oluphonononga imisebenzi ephicothiweyo, ukungangqinelani, imigqaliselo, amathuba okuphucula, amanyathelo okulungisa, kunye nezilungiso. Ubume bala manyathelo bubekwe esweni isiqingatha sonyaka, kwaye yonke imisebenzi ekwinkqubo yoqinisekiso lomgangatho ineenkqubo ezithile.
Lo myalelo ubonelela ngethuba lokuba i-CSN, xa kuthe kwafakwa izicelo ezifanelekileyo, ukunika ukukhululwa okwethutyana kwiimfuno ezithile okanye ukwamkela imilinganiselo elinganayo, ngaphandle kokuba kubonisiwe ukuba umgangatho wokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lweradiyoloji luqinisekisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukungathotyelwa koMyalelo kohlwaywa phantsi koMthetho waMandla eNyukliya, ogxininisa ubume bayo obusisinyanzelo.
Ngolu lawulo, ubuchwephesha kunye nesakhelo sombutho, sincediswa yi amava ngamazwe (Imiyalelo yaseYurophu, izikhokelo ze-NRC zase-US, iingcebiso ze-IAEA, iingcebiso ze-OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, okanye iingcebiso ezivela kumaqela afana ne-HERCA kunye ne-WENRA), injongo kukuba izikhokelo zokuphunyezwa kokhuseleko lwenyukliya ESpain, le migangatho akufuneki ihlale nje ithiyori; kufuneka ziguqulelwe kwiinkqubo eziguquguqukayo, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nenkcubeko yokhuseleko oluqinileyo. Ngaphezu koko, konke oku kuhambelana nokungafihli kunye nezibophelelo zokuthotyelwa kwezomthetho kwiindawo ezifana nolawulo lwecookie kwiiwebhusayithi zeziko. Oku kuquka imiba yokulawula efana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlalutya (ezifana ne-Adobe Analytics), iikuki zemvume yobugcisa, kunye neekuki ezinxulumene neenethiwekhi zentlalo, ngaloo ndlela zomeleza ukuthembana ngokobuchwephesha nangokwemigaqo yolwazi kunye nonxibelelwano lwedijithali.
