Ihlabathi lingcakaza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yekamva lalo lezoshishino, iteknoloji, kunye namandla kwinto ebonakala ingabalulekanga njenge... iiminerali ezibalulekileyoZiibhloko zokwakha ezingabonakaliyo ezenza ukuba yonke into inokwenzeka ukusuka kwiibhetri zeemoto zombane ukuya kwimagnethi ye-injini yomoya, iitshiphusi eziphambili, kunye nezona nkqubo zokhuselo ziphucukileyo.
Nangona uninzi lwabantu lungakhange luve ngazo, ifuthe lazo kuqoqosho nakwi-geopolitics sele likhulu. Ezi zixhobo zithathwa njengezibalulekileyo xa izinto ezininzi zidibana: imfuno ephezulu, ubunzima ekutshintsheni kwabo, ukuxinwa kwemveliso kumazwe ambalwa, kunye nomngcipheko wokwenene wokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela.Olu manyano lutshintshe i-lithium, icobaltI-Tungsten okanye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziziqwengana eziphambili kwi-chessboard yehlabathi.
Zeziphi izimbiwa ezibalulekileyo kwaye kutheni zibaluleke kangaka nje eYurophu?
Xa sithetha ngeeminerali ezibalulekileyo eYurophu, asibhekiseli kwi-whim yetekhnoloji, kodwa kwizinto ezingenazo. Inguqu yamandla kunye nedijithali ayidibanisi kwaphela.Iiphaneli zelanga, iibhetri zezithuthi zombane, iimagnethi ezisisigxina zeeinjini zomoya, iigridi ezihlakaniphile okanye amaziko edatha axhomekeke kuluhlu oluhlala lukhula lwezinto ezicwangcisiweyo.
Olo luhlu lubandakanya amagama aqhelekileyo, anje lithium, nickel, cobalt okanye ubheduKwaye ezinye azaziwa kangako kodwa zibaluleke ngokulinganayo: igallium, igermanium, i-niobium, igraphite yendalo, kunye nezinto ezidumileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Uninzi lwezi lukwabalulekile kushishino lwezokhuselo kunye ne-aerospace, ukusuka kwii-radar eziskeniweyo ngombane ukuya kwiinkqubo zesikhokelo somjukujelwa kunye nezikrweqe zetanki.
Ingxaki enkulu kwiManyano yaseYurophu kukuba Ukukhutshwa kunye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukucocwa kwezi zimbiwa kugxininiswe kakhulu ngaphandle kwendawo yazo.kunye neChina njengomdlali obalaseleyo. IBeijing ayikhokeleli kuphela ukumbiwa kwezi zixhobo zininzi, kodwa ikwalawula malunga ne-90% yokusetyenzwa komhlaba okunqabileyo, inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yecobalt, kunye neqhezu elikhulu le-lithium kunye negraphite esetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.
Oku kuthetha ukuba utshintsho olulula lokulawula kwilizwe lesithathu lunokushiya ishishini laseYurophu ngaphandle kweenxalenye ezibalulekileyo zokuvelisa yonke into ukusuka kwimoto ukuya kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano yobuchule. Yiyo loo nto iBrussels ngoku ithetha ngokuphandle umngcipheko wokunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nobuthathaka obuchaphazela ngqo ukhuseleko.
I-Arhente yezaMandla yeHlabathi ikwalumkisile ukuba imfuno yehlabathi yezinye zezi zixhobo imiselwe ukuba ibe phezulu: I-lithium efunekayo kwizithuthi zombane kunye nendawo yokugcina izinto ukuphinda kathathu ngo-2030 kwaye kuphindwe kane malunga no-2040Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-nickel, i-cobalt, i-graphite okanye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba sele zikhula ngamaqondo aphakathi kwe-6% kunye ne-8% ngonyaka.
IYurophu isendleleni: ukusuka kuMthetho weMpahla eCritical Raw ukuya kwisicwangciso seReSourceEU
Ukujongana nale meko, i-European Union iyekile ukujonga kwelinye icala. Okokuqala, yavuma i UMthetho weMathiriyeli eCwangcisiweyo (CRMA), ebeke ngayo iinjongo ezicacileyo zika-2030 malunga nokutsalwa, ukucokiswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona ngaphakathi kwebloc, kunye neeprojekthi ezichongiweyo ezithathwa njengeqhinga lokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle.
Ngesi siseko, iBrussels ngoku ibonise isicwangciso UmthomboEU, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kweTshayina kunye nabanye ababoneleli abaphambili. Isicwangciso sixhomekeke kwiintsika ezimbini eziphambili: ukudalwa kwe Iziko laseYurophu leMathiriyeli eCwangcisiweyo yeQhinga kunye nenkqubo yokugcina eqhelekileyo yeeminerali ezibalulekileyo eziqala ngo-2026.
Iziko elitsha liya kuba nomsebenzi wokulungelelanisa ukuthenga ngokubambisana kuMazwe angamaLungu, ukulungelelanisa imfuno yoshishino kunye neemfuno zemizi-mveliso kunye nokuthintela ilizwe ngalinye kuthethathethwano ngokuzimeleyo. Ngokuhambelanayo, i-EU iya kuqalisa indawo eqhelekileyo ye isitokhwe sokhuseleko yeentsimbi ezibaluleke kakhulu, uhlobo logcino lwesicwangciso ngamaxesha oxinzelelo lonikezelo.
IBrussels sele igciniwe ubuncinane 3.000 billion euro kwiimali zaseYurophu kulo nyaka uzayo, ngenjongo yokuvula utyalo-mali olungxamisekileyo kumatyathanga amathathu abalulekileyo exabiso: iimagnethi ezisisigxina, iibhetri, kunye nokuzikhusela. Le mali kufuneka ixhase ukutsalwa, ukucocwa, kunye neeprojekthi zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwe-EU, ngokuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa kwizinto ezifana nobhedu, imihlaba enqabileyo, i-niobium, i-nickel, i-lithium, i-phosphate okanye i-graphite.
IKomishoni nayo iyalungiselela izithintelo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe kwesinyithi esilahliweyo kunye nenkunkuma zizityebi kwiiminerali ezibalulekileyo, ezinje ngemagnethi esisigxina ekupheleni kobomi babo obuluncedo, kwaye igcine ukhetho lokwamkela imilinganiselo ethile yesinyithi efana ne-aluminiyam okanye ubhedu. Injongo icacile: ukugcina izinto ezixabisekileyo ngaphakathi kweYurophu ukuqhuba inyaniso uqoqosho olujikelezayo lwesinyithi esicwangcisiweyo.
Ukuxhomekeka kwi-China kunye ne-geopolitics entsha yezimbiwa
Inkxalabo eYurophu ayikho ithiyori. I-China ibonakalise kule minyaka yakutsha nje ukuba izimisele ukusebenzisa ulawulo lwayo kumatyathanga athile obonelelo njengesixhobo soxinzelelo, ukuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle. i-gallium, i-germanium, okanye i-antimony ukuphendula kwizigqibo zobuchwepheshe ezenziwa yi-United States kunye namahlakani ayo.
Ezi zinto zibonakala zincinci ziyimfuneko kwimveliso iisemiconductors eziphambili, iinkqubo zeradar, iifiber optics, okanye ialloys ezikhethekileyo esetyenziselwa ukukhusela. Nje ukuba iBeijing iqinise unikezelo, amaxabiso onyuka, kwaye iinkampani ezininzi zaseNtshona zanyanzeleka ukuba zifune abanye ababoneleli, zide zibhenele kubalamleli kumazwe esithathu ukuthintela ulawulo. Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga nendlela iBeijing iqinisa ngayo ulawulo lwayo inokufumaneka kuhlalutyo ulawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Kulo mxholo, amagosa aphezulu aseYurophu afana noMmeli oPhezulu weMicimbi yezangaphandle, uKaja Kallas, baye balumkisa ukuba. Ukuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kunokuba yingozi emzimbeni. xa zichaphazela izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokhuselo okanye iziseko zobuchule. Yiyo loo nto umyalezo ogxininisayo ovela eBrussels: iinkampani kufuneka ziyeke ukuthenga i-100% yamagalelo athile kwilizwe elinye.
Amanye amahlakani aseNtshona sele ethathe amanyathelo aqinisekileyo. I-United States iphinde yathumela eminye yemithetho yayo yezemveliso ukudibanisa iimali zokhuselo ekudalweni kwe oovimba bezimbiwa ngobuchule kunye nokomelezwa kwesiseko sayo semizi-mveliso kwizinto ezibalulekileyo. I-NATO, ngokwenxalenye yayo, yamkele imephu yendlela yokukhusela ikhonkco lokubonelela ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko, olubandakanya ukuchonga izixhobo ezingundoqo ezikrwada, ukufunda imingcipheko, ukukhuthaza ukurisayikilishwa, kunye nokucebisa iindawo zokugcina ezikhuselekileyo.
IYurophu izama ukungabuyi ngasemva, kodwa iqala emva kwexesha kwaye ukuqhekeka okunamandla kwangaphakathiIlizwe ngalinye elilungu linemigaqo yalo yezemigodi, amaxesha avunyelweyo, kunye neengxoxo zezentlalo malunga neeprojekthi ezintsha zokumba, ezinokuthatha ngokulula ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka.
ISpain: amandla okwakheka komhlaba kunye nokungabikho kwesicwangciso esimanyeneyo
Kule ngxoxo yaseYurophu, iSpeyin ikwindawo ekhethekileyo. Ayilogunya elikhulu lemigodi yehlabathi, kodwa linalo izibonelelo zejoloji ezifanelekileyo zezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo kwaye ichongiwe yiBrussels njengelinye lamazwe amiselwe ukuba adlale indima ebalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wezinto eziluhlaza.
Owona mzekelo ungumzekelo ngulo we tungsten okanye wolframI-ayini, isinyithi esinobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu kunye nendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika, iyimfuneko kwizixhobo zemizi-mveliso, ukugquma kwezixhobo, kunye neendidi ezithile zembumbulu. ISpain inemvelaphi yembali ekutsalweni kwayo, ngakumbi kwi Galicia, Extremadura kunye neCastile kunye neLeónKwaye namhlanje iseyinto enqwenelekayo ekusetyenzisweni koluntu kunye nasemkhosini.
Kodwa asiyiyo yodwa. Kukho nobukho bezinye izinto kwi-subsoil yaseSpain. i-lithium, i-tin, ubhedu, izinto zeqela leplatinam, i-cobalt okanye i-nickelPhakathi kwezinye, ezinye iidiphozithi eziye zalahlwa ngenxa yokungabikho kwengeniso ngoku zijongwa kwakhona ngokubhekiselele kumaxabiso amatsha kunye neemfuno zenguqu yamandla. Iiprojekthi ezininzi ze-lithium e-Extremadura kunye nophuhliso olutsha lwe-tungsten kunye nobhedu luphantsi kovavanyo lokusingqongileyo kunye neengxoxo ezinzulu zoluntu.
I-paradox enkulu kukuba, ngelixa i-European Union sele ichongiwe Iiprojekthi ezisixhenxe ezibekwe eSpain njengezobuchule Ukuzimela kwelizwekazi kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo, ilizwe lisaswele umbono ocacileyo nomanyeneyo welizwe malunga nendima yezi zixhobo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ulawulo lohlulwe phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo anezinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka: okusingqongileyo, ishishini, amandla, isayensi…
Olu lwahlulo luchazwe ziingcali njenge "Okhestra engasebenziyo": izicwangciso ezinqanyuliweyo, ixesha elide lokucubungula, ukukhatywa kwezentlalo kwiindawo ezithile kunye nokungabikho kwengxelo eqhelekileyo echaza ukuba kutheni ezi projekthi zingekho nje umbandela wezoqoqosho okanye wendawo, kodwa ngumcimbi womdla weqhinga kwilizwe lonke.
IziMbiwa ezibalulekileyo kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe: Isindululo se-TESIS seSpain
Kolu xilongo, kuye kwavela indlela ebanzi: Imfundiso ye-TESIS (uMhlaba woBuchule woKhuseleko, uShishino kunye neeMbonelelo)Esi ayisosicwangciso sakudala semigodi, kodwa yindlela yokudibanisa imithombo yezimbiwa ngokuthe ngqo kumgaqo-nkqubo woKhuseleko lweSizwe.
Isiqalo kukuqonda into esele ibandakanyiwe kwisicatshulwa ngokwaso. Ingxelo yoNyaka yoKhuseleko lweSizwe yowama-2024Ukuxhomekeka okuphezulu kweSpain kwimathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kunye nobuthathaka bobonelelo lwehlabathi jikelele bumele ukuba sesichengeni. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwamkelwa akukaguqulelwa kwisicwangciso esibanzi esithelekiseka neso samanye amahlakani.
Ithisisi iphakamisa ukutsiba kwengqikelelo: iidiphozithi ezicwangcisiweyo ezikhoyo kumhlaba waseSpain kunye noovimba beentsimbi ezithile kufuneka bathathelwe ingqalelo. Ii-asethi zoKhuseleko lweSizwe kunye nePropatihayi nje iiasethi zoqoqosho. Oko kuya kuthetha ukukhusela ulawulo lwayo kwizinto ezinomdla zexesha elifutshane, iingxabano zolawulo, okanye utshintsho lwezopolitiko, kwaye lucwangcise ngeliso lokuqina kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Ngokwesiqhelo, imfundiso iphakamisa ukwakhiwa kwamanqanaba amaninzi: enye iseli yobukrelekrele bamaminerali esebenza njenge "radar" yeengozi zelizwe kunye neemarike; a Ibhodi yabaPhathiswa yeZibonelelo zeQhinga inxulunyaniswe neBhunga leSizwe loKhuseleko ukulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo; kunye a Uvimba weQhinga leSizwe yezimbiwa esele zilungisiwe, ezilungele ukusetyenziswa lishishini kunye nokhuselo kwimeko yobunzima bobonelelo.
Ubukrelekrele beminerali kunye nolawulo: ukusuka ekuxilongeni ukuya kwisenzo
Intsika yokuqala yale ndlela yindlela iingcali ezizibiza ngayo Intelligence yeziMbiwaAyikokubeka iliso kuphela iintsingiselo zamaxabiso okanye imiqulu yotsalo, kodwa malunga nokudibanisa uhlalutyo lwe-geopolitical, uhlolo lobuchwepheshe, ukulandelela izinto, kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko kulo lonke ikhonkco lexabiso.
Iseli enikezelwe kulo msebenzi, idityaniswe kwi ISebe lezoKhuseleko leSizweInokufumana ulwazi kwiinkonzo zezobuntlola, iiofisi zokurhweba phesheya, imibutho yejoloji okanye amaziko ophando, kwaye iguqulelwe kwizilumkiso zakwangoko kuRhulumente: ukusuka kutshintsho olulawulayo kwilizwe elivelisayo ukuya ekugcinweni kweentshukumo zoluhlu lweempahla ngabadlali baseburhulumenteni abakhulu.
Intsika yesibini kukulungisa i-okhestra yangoku "out-of-tune" ngokusebenzisa a ikomiti yabaphathiswa ekwinqanaba eliphezulu Eli qumrhu liza kumisela izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwaye lilungelelanise izintlu ezohlukeneyo zezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo ezilawulwa liSebe lezoKhuselo, iNguqu yezendalo, uShishino, iNguqu kwiDijithali, kunye neNzululwazi. Eli qela lisebenzayo, elixhaswa yi-mineral intelligence, lingachaza ukuba zeziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwindawo nganye kwaye zeziphi izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa kwimeko nganye.
Iimodeli ezifanayo sele zikhona eUnited States, apho ii-arhente ezifana KwiSebe leMandla, i KwiSebe lezoKhuselo okanye KwiSebe leNgaphakathi Basebenza ngezintlu zabo, nangona ukunqongophala kolungelelwaniso kuchongiwe njengengxaki apho. Ingcamango yaseSpain kuphephe oko kuqhekeka ngobunkokeli obucacileyo bezopolitiko.
Ngokunxuseneyo, i-TESIS iphakamisa ukusebenzisa imigaqo ye ukhuseleko lweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo ukuqwalasela iidiphozithi ezithile kunye nokulungiswa kwezityalo ezikumhlaba waseSpain, ukuze zomeleze iiprothokholi ezichasene nokutshatyalaliswa, uhlaselo lwe-hybrid okanye izoyikiso ze-cyber.
Ukuya "kwikhaka leminerali": oovimba, idiplomacy kunye netalente
Ukudalwa kwe Uvimba woBuchule weSizwe weziMbiwa Oku kuya kuba yinxalenye ebonakalayo yeli "khaka lamaminerali." Ayizukubandakanya ukugcina intsimbi ekrwada ekrwada, kodwa kuneentsimbi ezisulungekisiweyo, ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zemizi-mveliso. Okuphambili kuya kunikwa izinto ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wokunqongophala, ukugxininiswa kwejografi olomeleleyo, kunye neendlela ezimbalwa zexesha elifutshane, ezifana ne-tungsten, i-antimony, iintlobo ezithile zezinto ezinzima ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, i-gallium, i-germanium, kunye ne-cobalt esetyenzisiweyo.
Ngaxeshanye, a idiplomacy mineral esebenzayo, ebandakanya uMphathiswa weMicimbi yezaNgaphandle, iSebe lezoKhuselo, kunye neSebe lezoShishino, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumalinge anje Intsebenziswano yoKhuseleko lweziMbiwa, ukukhuthaza umanyano namazwe athembekileyo avelisayo kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali ezinoxanduva kumazwe esithathu.
Omnye umba osisiseko uya kuba kukuqiniswa kwe uqoqosho olujikelezayo lwesinyithi: phuhlisa ishishini lokurisayikilisha elinamandla kwiibhetri, iimagnethi, izixhobo ze-elektroniki okanye izixhobo zokukhusela ekupheleni kobomi babo obuluncedo, ukuze inxalenye yemfuno ihlangatyezwane ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutsalwa okutsha.
Konke oku kufuna utshintsho kwinkcubeko yobungcali. Iingcali zigxininisa imfuneko yokuqeqesha iingcali ezineemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, ezikwaziyo ukusebenza kuyo yonke i-geology, ubunjineli bezemigodi, uqoqosho lwemathiriyeli ekrwada, ubukrelekrele bobuchule, kunye nonxibelelwano loluntu. into ebizwa ngokuba yi "mineral geopolitics"Ngaphandle kwabantu abakwaziyo ukuguqulela imiba yobugcisa kwizigqibo zezopolitiko kwaye bayicacise eluntwini, ezona zicwangciso zingcono zisemngciphekweni wokuhlala ephepheni.
Ngaloo ndlela, i ulwahlulo Idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukuphakamisa ulwazi malunga nokuba yintoni elele emva kwefowuni ephathwayo, imoto yombane, okanye i-injini yomoya, yeyiphi imisebenzi eveliswa litsheyini lexabiso lezimbiwa, kwaye yintoni imingeni enxulumene nokusingqongileyo kunye nentlalontle, yinto ebalulekileyo ekutsaleni italente eselula kwi-geology, ubunjineli bezinto, okanye uphando lwezemigodi, kunye nokwakha into ebizwa ngokuba "yilayisensi yentlalontle yokusebenza" kwimimandla.
Izimbiwa ezibalulekileyo ngaphaya kweYurophu: amathuba ehlabathi kunye nemingcipheko
Ngelixa iYurophu izama ukubamba, eminye imimandla iphinda-phinda izicwangciso malunga nezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo. Brasil Ivezwa njengeqonga elicwangcisiweyo lokuvelisa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezi zixhobo, ezixhaswa ngemali ekhethekileyo yotyalo-mali efuna ukuxhamla amandla ayo obhedu, i-niobium, i-nickel, i-lithium, i-phosphate okanye i-graphite phantsi kweendlela zokumbiwa kwemigodi kunye nemigangatho ye-ESG.
La I-UNCTAD Ugxininisa kwelakhe icala, ukuba amazwe asakhasayo akufuneki aphelele ekukhupheni nasekuthumeleni izimbiwa ezingaphekwanga. Isiphakamiso sakhe sibandakanya ukudala ubuhlakani obutsha kurhulumente namashishini abucala ezivumela ukwandiswa kokusulungekiswa nokusetyenzwa kwala mazwe kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukudibanisa imigodi namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho: elemveliso, iinkonzo, ubuchwepheshe, ulungiselelo.
I-arhente yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ixoxa ukuba ukutsibela phambili kokwenyani kwenzeka xa zilukiweyo amakhonkco angaphambili nangasemva kwikhonkco lexabiso: ababoneleli bezixhobo zengingqi, amashishini asebenzisa ezo zinyithi ukwenza iimpahla eziphezulu zexabiso elongeziweyo, amaziko ophando asetyenzisiweyo, kunye nothungelwano lwengingqi olwabelana ngeziseko ezingundoqo kunye notyalo-mali. Ezi dynamics ziyinxalenye ye ukwanda kwemigodi yesinyithi kunye nemingeni yayo yehlabathi.
Kulo mxholo, imimandla efana Afrika UMzantsi-mpuma weAsia uye waba linqanaba lokukhula kokhuphiswano phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu. I-United States, i-China, kwaye, kwinqanaba elingaphantsi, iRashiya ilwela ukukhusela izikhundla kwi-lithium, i-cobalt, ubhedu, kunye neeprojekthi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. IManyano yaseYurophu izama ukungashiywa ngasemva, njengoko kubonisiwe kukutyhalela kwayo kutshanje izivumelwano neManyano ye-Afrika yokusebenzisana kumakhonkco obonelelo ngezimbiwa ezinobuchule nezibalulekileyo.
Amazwe athile aseYurophu enza awawo amanyathelo. ItaliaUmzekelo, iyafunda, ngenkampani yayo enkulu yamandla karhulumente, i-ENI, utyalo-mali kuyo ukurisayikilisha kunye nokucokisa izimbiwa ezibalulekileyongeliso eKhanada nakuMzantsi Melika. Injongo echaziweyo kukunciphisa umsantsa ocwangcisiweyo kutshintsho lwamandla kwaye ungaxhomekeki kuphela kubadlali bangaphandle abakhulu.
Iinkampani kunye nokutshintshwa kwamandla: ukusuka kwiipaneli zelanga ukuya kwiitanki
Ecaleni kwamanyathelo oluntu, amaqela amakhulu abucala abeka amashishini awo ngokutsha kwezi zixhobo. Utshintsho lwamandla, ukufakelwa kombane kwezothutho, ukwenziwa kwedijithali ngobuninzi, kunye nenkcitho yokhuseleko eyandisiweyo ikhokelela iliza elitsha lokumbiwa kwemigodi kunye nokusebenza kweeprojekthi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.
Uninzi lweetekhnoloji ekulindeleke ukuba zikhule kwiminyaka ezayo zinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nezinto ezimbalwa zeekhemikhali: iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, iipaneli ze-photovoltaic, ii-injini zomoya, amaziko edatha, iinkqubo zokugcina ezimileyo... zonke zixhomekeke kwi-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-graphite, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba okanye ubhedu, phakathi kwezinye.
Imfuno ye-lithium yenyuka ngokujikeleza 30% kulo nyaka uphelileyo Kwaye ukuveliswa kwamanye amaminerali afana ne-nickel, i-cobalt, i-graphite, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zanda phakathi kwe-6% kunye ne-8%, eqhutywe kukunyuka kwezithuthi zombane, ukugcinwa kwebhetri, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba ixabiso lemarike lemveliso yezi zimbiwa linganakho phindaphinda ngo-1,5 ngo-2040.
Kwangaxeshanye, amacandelo afana Ukuzikhusela kunye khu seleko Bandisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwezixhobo zobuchule. Iitanki, iijethi zokulwa ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kunye neefrigates ezinerada eziphambili zigxininise ubungakanani betungsten, icobalt, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kunye negallium kwizikrweqe zazo, iinjini, izivamvo kunye neenkqubo zombane.
Oku kudityaniswa kweemfuno zemozulu, iteknoloji, kunye nokhuseleko kuthetha ukuba itoni nganye yesimbiwa esinikiweyo ngoku ubunzima bomhlaba omkhulu kakhulu eyayikumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye kuyasinyanzela ukuba sicinge kwakhona ukuba zenziwe njani iitsheyina zobonelelo, yeyiphi indima edlalwa yiYurophu kuzo, kwaye leliphi igumbi lokwenyani lokuhamba amazwe afana neSpain.
Umzabalazo wehlabathi wezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo uhambile ekubeni ngumba wobugcisa kwiingcali ukuya ekubeni sembindini we-ajenda yezopolitiko, uqoqosho nokhuseleko. IYurophu ithatha amanyathelo okomeleza ukuzimela kwayo Ngemithetho, amaziko okuthenga, oovimba, kunye nobudlelwane, iSpain ixoxa ngendlela yokunyusa umgangatho wayo othembisayo ngelixa ibeka phambili ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokwamkelwa eluntwini. Ngeli xesha, kwihlabathi liphela, ukusuka eBrazil ukuya eAfrika naseKhanada, amaqhinga ayaphindaphindeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba obu butyebi buqhuba kungekuphela nje ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kodwa nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Kwenzeka ntoni kule minyaka izayo nge-lithium, i-cobalt, i-tungsten, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kunye nobhedu luya kugqiba ubukhulu becala indawo yommandla ngamnye kuqoqosho oluluhlaza nolwedijithali lwenkulungwane yama-21.
