Ukuthetha malunga namandla enyukliya ngokuqinisekileyo kuzisa engqondweni iintlekele zaseChernobyl (1986) kunye neFukushima (2011). Olu hlobo lwamandla luvelisa uloyiko oluthile ngenxa yengozi yalo kunye neziphumo ezinokuthi zibe nazo, kokusingqongileyo kunye nabemi ngokubanzi. Nangona amandla enyukliya engazikhuphi iigesi zegreenhouse ngexesha lenkqubo yawo yokuvelisa, anezinye iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo nempilo ezibalulekileyo ukuba zithathelwe ingqalelo.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kumandla enyukliya. Siza kuvavanya zombini iinzuzo kunye nezithintelo ukuba olu hlobo lwamandla lubandakanya, ngenjongo yokunikezela ngombono wehlabathi jikelele wempembelelo yalo yangoku neyexesha elizayo kuluntu.
Yintoni amandla enyukliya
Amandla enyukliya afunyanwa ngeenkqubo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: ukuqhekeka kunye nokudityaniswa kweeathom. I Ukulwa kwenyukliya, eyona nkqubo isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngoku, ibandakanya ukwahlula i-nuclei yee-athomu ezinzima, ezifana ne-uranium, ukukhulula umthamo omkhulu wamandla.
Kwelinye icala, i fusion yenyukliya Yinkqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kumbindi welanga, apho iinucles ezimbini zokukhanya zidibana khona ukuze zenze omkhulu ngakumbi, zikhupha amandla angakumbi kunawokuqhekeka. Nangona olu hlobo lwamandla luthembisa ukucoceka ngakumbi kwaye lukhuselekile, okwangoku lukwizigaba zovavanyo kwaye alufumaneki ngokurhweba.
Kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya yangoku, i-fission ye-uranium-235 athom isetyenziswa ikakhulu, ethi ihlaselwe ngee-neutron ukuze izahlule. Le nkqubo ivelisa umthamo omkhulu wamandla asetyenziselwa ukufudumeza amanzi, nto leyo eqhuba i-injini yomoya ukuvelisa umbane.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingalunganga kumandla enyukliya
Inzuzo
Ngaphandle kombono ongalunganga oveliswa ngamandla enyukliya, lo mthombo wamandla unothotho lweenzuzo ezibalulekileyo:
- Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ephantsi okanye akukho: Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zamandla enyukliya xa kuthelekiswa namafutha efosili kukuba inkqubo yokuqhekeka ayivezi ikharbon diokside okanye ezinye iigesi zegreenhouse. Kuphela ngumphunga wamanzi ongenabungozi oveliswayo.
- Ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu: Iireactors zenyukliya zisebenza ngokugqwesileyo malunga nokuvelisa amandla ukusuka kumthamo omncinci wemathiriyeli. Oku kwenza iuranium ingabizi kakhulu kwaye isebenze kakuhle xa ithelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla.
- Umthombo wamandla rhoqo: Ngokungafaniyo namanye amandla ahlaziyekayo anjengomoya okanye ilanga, izixhobo zamandla enyukliya zisebenza 24/7, kungakhathaliseki iimeko zemozulu okanye umjikelo wemini nobusuku.
- Ukuveliswa kombane ngobuninzi: Iziko elinye lenyukliya linokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zombane, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi kunye namazwe anemfuno ephezulu yamandla.
- Usetyenziso olulinganiselweyo lwemithombo: Nangona i-uranium ingahlaziyeki, ixabiso elincinci kakhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo liyafuneka ukwenza umthamo omkhulu wamandla. Oovimba beuranium bangoku banokugcina imveliso kangangamakhulu eminyaka.
Iingxaki
Nangona amandla enyukliya aneenzuzo ezibalulekileyo, ukungalungi kwawo kubandakanya imingcipheko enzima ethintele ukwamkelwa kwawo ngokubanzi:
- Ulawulo lwenkunkuma ngemitha: Inkunkuma yenyukliya ihlala i-radioactive kangangamawaka eminyaka kwaye akukabikho sisombululo siqinisekileyo sogcino lwayo lwexesha elide. Ngokuqhelekileyo zigcinwa kumangcwaba enyukliya, nto leyo engeyonto ngaphandle kwesisombululo sexesha elifutshane.
- Ingozi yeengozi ezimandundu: Nangona izikhululo zamandla enyukliya zixhotyiswe ngamanyathelo okhuseleko oluphezulu, iingozi zinokwenzeka, njengoko kubonisiwe yiChernobyl neFukushima. Ezi ngozi zikhokelela kungcoliseko lwe-radioactive olunokuthi luchaphazele indalo kunye nabantu amashumi eminyaka.
- Ujoliso olusesichengeni kungquzulwano okanye kwiintlekele zendalo: Izityalo zamandla enyukliya zinokujoliswa kwiingxabano zemfazwe okanye zibe sengozini yeentlekele zendalo ezifana neetsunami okanye iinyikima, ezenzeke kwintlekele yaseFukushima.
- Iindleko eziphezulu zokwakha kunye nokugcinwa: Iindleko zokwakha isixhobo senyukliya ziphezulu kakhulu kwaye kunokuthatha iminyaka eliqela ukuhlawula. Ukongeza, iindleko zokuphelisa ugunyaziso nazo ziphezulu kwaye zinde.
Indlela amandla enyukliya ayichaphazela ngayo indalo
Amandla enyukliya aneziphumo ezihle nezingalunganga kokusingqongileyo. Ngezantsi sichaza ezinye zazo:
Ukukhutshwa kweCO2: Nangona amandla enyukliya engayikhuphi i-CO2 ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa amandla, kukho izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingangqalanga ngexesha lokutsalwa nokuthuthwa kweuranium. Xa kuthelekiswa neminye imithombo yamandla enjengamalahle okanye irhasi, oku kukhutshwa kuphantse kube yinto encinci.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi: Amaziko avelisa amandla enyukliya afuna amanzi amaninzi ukupholisa ii-reactors zawo. Oku kusetyenziswa kakhulu kobutyebi kunokuchaphazela indalo yasemanzini ukuba ayilawulwa ngendlela eyiyo. Ukongeza, amanzi asetyenzisiweyo ekupholiseni abuyiselwa kwimekobume kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, elinokubangela "umothuko wobushushu" kwizilwanyana zasekhaya kunye neentyatyambo.
Umngcipheko wosulelo lwemitha: Amaziko amandla enyukliya akhupha imitha ngendlela elawulwayo ngamathamo amancinane, angayimeli ingozi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yengozi, ukusasazeka kwemitha kunokuchaphazela ubomi babantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwixesha elide.
Impembelelo kwimpilo yabantu
Ukuba sesichengeni ngemitha ngenxa yeengozi zenyukliya kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu. Ngezantsi ziimeko eziphambili:
- Cancer: Ukuvezwa kumanqanaba aphezulu okusasazeka kwemitha kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokwanda kweemeko zomhlaza, ngakumbi umhlaza wedlala lengqula, njengoko eli dlala linokuqokelela iodine yeradioactive.
- Iingxaki zemfuzo: Ukusasazeka kwemitha kunokuchaphazela i-DNA yabantu abavezwayo, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekuguqulweni kweenguqu kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukungahambi kakuhle kweentsana.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwegazi: Ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide kunokubangela iingxaki ekuveliseni iiseli zegazi, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwi<em>leukemia okanye i<em>anemia.
- Ukungachumi: Imithamo ephezulu yemitha inokuchaphazela ukuchuma kwamadoda nabasetyhini, kubangele iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokukhawula.
- I-Anxiety syndrome: Amandla okuvezwa kunye neenkxalabo malunga neziphumo zexesha elide zinokuchaphazela impilo yengqondo yabantu abahlala kufutshane nezityalo zenyukliya okanye kwiindawo ezichatshazelwe ziingozi.
Kubalulekile ukuba, ngaphandle kweenzuzo zamandla enyukliya, inkqubela yenziwe kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe obukhuselekileyo kunye nasekukhangeleni iindlela ezizezinye ezinokuthi zihlaziyeke ezinokuncedisana okanye endaweni yazo, ngakumbi kuloo mimandla apho umngcipheko weentlekele zendalo uphezulu. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngekamva lamandla enyukliya isahleli ivulekile, iqhutywa zizinto ezifana nokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide.