I ngcamango tshintsha izitena zemveli Ibisoloko ikwiingqondo zeenjineli, abakhi bezakhiwo, kunye noosomashishini kwihlabathi liphela kangangexesha elithile. Izitena zodongwe kunye nekhonkrithi zenze ukuba kubekho uphuhliso lwedolophu lwanamhlanje, kodwa impembelelo yazo kwindalo kunye namandla iye yaba yingxaki enkulu engenakuphoswa.
Kule meko, kuye kwavela ezinye izisombululo, kwaye enye efumana udumo yi izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyoBesebenzisa inkunkuma eyayisele ikwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye kwiindawo zokutshisa inkunkuma, amanyathelo ahlukeneyo eAfrika naseLatin America adala iibhloko zemodyuli, iindlela zokuhamba, kunye neenkqubo zokwakha ezipheleleyo ezijolise ekubeni zibe nexabiso eliphantsi, zikhawuleze ukuhlanganiswa, kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, zingangcolisi kangako.
Zithini izitena zeplastiki eziphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye kutheni zithandwa kakhulu?
Ingcamango ilula: sebenzisa inkunkuma yeplastiki enomthamo omkhulu (izikhongozeli, iingxowa, iibhotile zesepha, inkunkuma yemizi-mveliso) ukuze ziguqulwe zibe zizinto zokwakha ezinokuthatha indawo yezitena eziqhelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile. Isitshixo kukudibanisa le plastiki nezinye izinto, ezifana nesanti, kunye nokubeka umxube kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza nokucindezela ezilawulwayo.
Iinkampani ezenza ezi zinto sele zisebenza eKenya, eColombia naseBrazil. iibhloko ezidibeneyo ezenziwe ngeplastiki ephinde yasetyenziswaezikwaziyo ukwenza iindonga, iindlela zokuhamba, ifenitshala yesitalato, okanye izinto zesiseko. Nangona iprojekthi nganye isebenzisa indlela yayo, kuzo zonke iimeko kufuneka kubekho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokumelana noomatshini, ukuzinza kobushushu, isantya sokuhlanganiswa, kunye nokuphila kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho.
Olu hlobo lwezitena alujolisanga nje ekunciphiseni iindleko zokwakha, kodwa lukwajolise nakwi ukungenisa iitoni zeplastiki kwisekethe yemveliso ezikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwiinkqubo zokurisayikilisha okwangoku. Ayisosisombululo somlingo kwingxaki yenkunkuma yehlabathi, kodwa ikhomba ekusetyenzisweni okunexabiso eliphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswayo, ezilinganiselweyo.
Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwale mizamo lubandakanya icandelo elinamandla lentlalo: Bavelisa imisebenzi kwiindawo ezisengoziniBahlawulela iplastiki eqokelelweyo kwiinkampani ezisebenzisanayo kunye nabantu abasebenzisa izinto ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye badityaniswa kwiiprojekthi zezindlu zoluntu okanye ukuphuculwa kweendawo ezikufutshane.
Imodeli yaseKenya: izitena zeplastiki kunye nesanti yokubeka iipavu kunye nemisebenzi yasezidolophini
ENairobi, injineli yezinto zokwakha Nzambi Matee Uqalise inkampani iGjenge Makers ngengcinga ebonakala ilula: ukuguqula iplastiki elahliweyo esixekweni ngezitena kunye neziqwenga ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa ezidolophini. Ikomkhulu laseKenya lijongene nomthamo omkhulu wenkunkuma, kwaye uninzi lweplastiki alungeni nakwiindlela zesiqhelo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto.
Inkqubo yeGjenge Makers isekelwe kumxube we iplastiki etyumkileyo kunye nesanti efudunyezwayo kwaye icinezelwe de kufunyanwe iibhloko eziqinileyo. Lisebenza ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo, iqela lifumene iziqwenga, ngokwedatha yalo, ezinokuqina ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunesitena sendabuko, kunye nokuguquguquka okuthile okunceda ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwemifantu ekusebenziseni imihla ngemihla.
Le nkqubo iphuculwe ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo neempazamo. Okokuqala, iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-HDPE, i-LDPE, kunye ne-PP ziyakhethwa—zikho kwi iingxowa zokuthenga, izigqubuthelo, izikhongozeli zesepha, iintambo okanye iibhakethi—, ziyacocwa kwaye zityunyuzwe, kwaye zixutywe nesanti ngobuninzi obubaliweyo. Olu bunzima lufakwa kwisixhobo sokukhupha izinto, apho lufudunyezwa khona ide iplastiki inyibilike, kodwa ngaphandle kokonakala kweekhemikhali.
Nje ukuba umxube unyibilike, ugalelwa kwiimolds uze umatshini wokushicilela we-hydraulic udibanisa izintoukwandisa uxinano nokuyinika imo yayo yokugqibela. Xa iibhloko zipholile, ziyasuswa kwisikhunta kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa njengamatye okuhombisa, iithayile, iziqwenga zokuhombisa, okanye izinto zokuhombisa ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo.
Ngokwembono yobugcisa, ezi zitena zibonisa ukumelana okukhulu kobushushuNjengoko iindawo zokunyibilika zingaphezulu kwama-350°C, imelana nobushushu kakuhle ezitalatweni nakwiindlela zokuhamba ezichatshazelwe kakhulu lilanga. Ukuthamba kwayo kunciphisa ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokwanda kunye nokuxinana kwezinto eziqinileyo.
Iilayisenisi ezisemthethweni kunye nokufikelela kwezentlalo kwezitena zaseKenya
Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ngezixhobo ezininzi ezizezinye kukuba, nangona zisebenza ephepheni, Abanayo imvume yomthetho. ukuze isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zokwenyani. Kwimeko yeGjenge Makers, inkampani ifumene ilayisenisi kwiKenya Bureau of Standards, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwezi zitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiiprojekthi zasezidolophini nakwiindawo zokuhlala kweli lizwe.
Loo mvume yomthetho itshintsha indlela ejongwa ngayo iteknoloji: ayisayi kuba luvavanyo olunomdla kwaye iba yi- imveliso egunyazisiweyo yokwakhakunye nokukwazi ukukhuphisana kwiikhontrakthi zikarhulumente nezabucala. Okwangoku, isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukugawula izitalato, iindlela zabahambi ngeenyawo, iipatio, iindawo zokupaka, kunye nezinye iindawo zangaphandle.
Izinto ezisetyenziswayo zivela ikakhulu kwi imilambo yenkunkuma enzima ukuyiphinda isetyenzisweNgoko ke, le projekthi ayivelisi nje kuphela izinto ezintsha, kodwa ikwakhupha iqhekeza leplastiki elinengxaki kakhulu kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Ukususela ngo-2020, inkampani ithi isebenzise kwakhona malunga neetoni ezingama-200 zenkunkuma yeplastiki ngendlela yeebhloko neziqwenga zasezidolophini.
Impembelelo ayipheleli nje kwindalo esingqongileyo. I-Gjenge Makers ithi umsebenzi wayo udala imisebenzi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo yamakhulu abantuUninzi lwabo ngabafazi kunye nolutsha oluvela kwiindawo ezinamathuba emisebenzi ambalwa. Olu luhlu lwezinto ezithengiswayo luquka yonke into ukusuka ekuqokeleleni nasekuhleleni iplastiki ukuya ekuveliseni nasekufakeni iimveliso.
Enyanisweni, le projekthi ikwindawo edibana kuyo uqoqosho olujikelezayo, ucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo kunye nokubandakanywa koluntuNangona umthamo ewuphathayo usemncinci xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu bengxaki yeplastiki yehlabathi, isebenza njengomboniso wokuba inkunkuma exabiso liphantsi ingaguqulwa ibe ziziseko eziluncedo ngokuqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni.
IColombia: Izindlu ezenziwe ngezitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo
Ngelixa beseKenya bagxila kwiindlela zokuhamba kunye nezinto zasezidolophini, eColombia inkampani Iingcamango zePlastiki uphuhlise inkqubo yokwakha izindlu ezizinzileyo Isekelwe kwiibhloko zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ezihlanganiswe njengeseti yokwakha. Injongo kukubonelela izindlu ezikhawuleza ukuhlanganiswa, ezifikelelekayo kwaye ezisebenza kakuhle ngobushushu.
Le projekthi yaqala xa injineli uFernando Llanos wayezama ukwakha indlu yakhe eCundinamarca waza wadibana nobunzima obukhulu bokuthutha izinto ezivela eBogotá. Le ngxaki ihambelana nezifundo zomyili wezakhiwo u-Óscar Méndez, owayephande nge ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki ephinde yasetyenziswa xa kusakhiwa ngexesha lethisisi yakhe yaseyunivesithi.
Kuloo ntlanganiso kwavela inkqubo esekelwe kwi iibhloko zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo Zihlangana phantsi koxinzelelo, njengezinto ezisetyenziswa kumdlalo wabantwana odumileyo. Isitena ngasinye sinobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezintathu, kufutshane nobunzima besitena sodongwe, kodwa uyilo lwaso luvumela ukukhawuleziswa okukhulu kokwakhiwa.
Izinto ezisetyenziswayo zivela kuzo zombini abaphinda basebenzise inkunkuma yasezidolophini kunye nabaphinda basebenzise inkunkuma yemizi-mvelisoIzinto ziyacocwa, zityunyuzwe, zize zisetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokukhupha. Emva koko iplastiki enyibilikisiweyo igalelwa kwiimold ezithile ezibumba iibhloko, zilungele ukufakwa kunye ngaphandle kwesidingo sobuninzi besamente.
Ukongeza ekukhaphukhaphu kwazo kunye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa kwazo, ezi zitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zineempawu i-thermoacoustic kunye nokumelana ihlengahlengiswe ngokwemigaqo yaseColombia, kuquka nezongezo ezithintela ukutsha kunye nokuziphatha kwenyikima ngokuhambelana neemfuno zelizwe laseAndean.
Izindlu kwiintsuku ezintlanu kunye neeprojekthi ezingxamisekileyo kusetyenziswa iitoni ezingama-200 zeplastiki
Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu zenkqubo yaseColombia lixesha lokwakha. Ngokwedatha ekhutshwe yinkampani ngokwayo kunye namajelo eendaba akhethekileyo, indlu esisiseko malunga Iimitha zesikwere ezingama-40Inegumbi lokulala ezimbini, igumbi lokuhlala, ikhitshi, igumbi lokutyela kunye negumbi lokuhlambela, inokwakhiwa ngeenxa zonke iintsuku ezintlanu neqela labantu abane.
Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lendlu enobukhulu obunjalo limalunga IRandi ye6.800Oku kwenza kube yindlela yokhuphiswano kunokwakha ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala okanye kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Ukuguquguquka kwesakhiwo kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa izinto kwaye kunciphisa isidingo sabasebenzi abanezakhono eziphezulu.
Le ndlela sele isetyenzisiwe kwiiprojekthi zokwenyani. EGuapi, kwisebe laseCauca, iConceptos Plásticos isebenzisana ne IBhunga leeMbacu zaseNorway Ekwakhiweni kweendawo zokuhlala zexeshana zeentsapho ezifuduselwe kwiindawo ezihlaselwe yimfazwe, umzekelo ocacileyo wendlela izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ezinokuxhasa ngayo ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zobuthathaka.
Ngokulungileyo Indlu yokuhlala yeentsapho ezingama-42 yakhiwa ngeentsuku ezingama-28.kusetyenziswa iitoni ezingaphezu kwama-200 zeplastiki esetyenzisiweyo. Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngendawo yokuhlala, le projekthi inike ithuba lokukhupha inkunkuma eninzi ebingayi kuphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye kwindawo yendalo.
Amava aseColombia abonisa ukuba izitena zeplastiki zinokudityaniswa iinkqubo zezindlu zoluntu, zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutshaUkudibanisa isantya sokusebenza, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, nangona kusoloko kungaphakathi kwemida yobude kunye nokusetyenziswa okuchazwe yinkqubo yemodyuli ngokwayo.
IBrazil: Izindlu ezifana neLego kunye nezicelo zoshishino ezineebhloko zeplastiki
EBrazil, enye inkampani ithathe inyathelo eliya phambili kwindlela yokwenza izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo, iphuhlisa inkqubo yebhloko edibanisayo Ijonge ukusebenza njengeseti enkulu yokwakha enobukhulu obuqhelekileyo. Ngeziqwenga ezimalunga nama-4.000, kunokwenzeka ukwakha indlu enobukhulu obumalunga nama-48 square metres kwisithuba seeyure ezimbalwa.
Umenzi uguqula iplastiki eqokelelwe yi iikoperatifti zokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha kunye nee-NGO kwiibhloko ezichanekileyo zoshishino. Le nto iyanqunyulwa, ifudunyezwe ibe ngaphezu kwama-200°C, ize ifakwe kwiimold ezenza iindawo eziqinileyo kakhulu. Iibhloko ezimnyama, umzekelo, zifunyanwa ngokudibanisa iiplastiki zemibala eyahlukeneyo kwaye zenzelwe ukwakhiwa okuya kuthi kamva kufumaneke i-cladding yangaphandle.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa kwisiseko sekhonkrithi, apho kulungiswa khona iiprofayili zesinyithi ezifakwe i-galvanized ezifumana imivalo yentsimbi ethe nkqoEzi ntonga zidlula kwiibhloko ukusuka ezantsi ukuya eluphahleni, zibambe lonke isakhiwo kunye nenkqubo yokuxhasa ecinezela yonke into kwaye iphucule ukuzinza kwayo.
Izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zibekwe phezu kwesinye ngenkqubo ibhloko edibeneyo, engenasigqubuthelongoko ke iindonga zingakhiwa kwiiyure ezimbalwa nje. Iingcingo zombane zifakwa ngaphakathi kwiibhloko ngaphambi kokuba iindonga zivalwe, nto leyo eyenza umsebenzi ube lula kwaye inciphise ixesha lokusukelana nelokugqiba.
Isiphumo sendlu, ngokutsho kwamagosa enkampani, engenangxaki yokufuma—kuba yenziwe ngezinto ezisetyenziswa Ayifunxi manzi— kwaye oko kugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu ngenxa yezikhewu zangaphakathi kwibhloko nganye, ezidala amagumbi omoya kunye nesiphumo somoya sohlobo lwe "chimney" xa ilanga lifudumeza iifacade.
Ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kwezindlu ukuya kwiziseko zophuhliso ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye nefenitshala
Ukuguquguquka kwezi zitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zaseBrazil kuye kwavumela ukusetyenziswa kwazo ukuba kudlulele ngaphaya kwezindlu zabantu abanengeniso ephantsi. Le nkqubo isetyenzisiwe kwi izindlu eziphezuluii-aviary zoshishino ezifuna ulawulo lobushushu olucokisekileyo, kwaye kutshanje, kwiziseko ezingaphantsi komhlaba zothungelwano lombane, ucoceko kunye nedatha.
Le nkampani ivelisa iibhokisi zeplastikhi eziphinde zasetyenziswa Ngenxa yoyilo lwazo olulula nolukhaphukhaphu, zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunezo zekhonkrithi. Apho ilori inokufaka iiyunithi ezimbini zekhonkrithi kuphela, iibhokisi ezininzi zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwiimodyuli zinokuthuthwa, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zokuthutha nezokufakela.
Kwicandelo lezindlu, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo busetyenziswe ekuvelisweni Iipaneli zohlobo lwe-MDF ezenziwe ngeplastiki ephinde yasetyenziswaEzi bhodi, ezinobukhulu obumalunga ne-18 milimitha, azidumbi okanye zigobe kwiindawo ezifumileyo, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikunxweme okanye kumagumbi afana namagumbi okuhlambela namagumbi okuhlamba impahla.
Ziyaveliswa izigqubuthelo zodonga ezibonisa ilitye okanye imabulaIzinto zokuthintela amachibi namachibi okudada kunye nezikhongozeli ezisebenza njengeeshedi zokwakha, zonke zivela kumsinga ofanayo wenkunkuma yeplastiki, ngaphandle kolu hlobo lweprojekthi, ebeya kuqhubeka nokuqokelelana kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.
Emva kwebhloko nganye kukho uthotho lwexabiso loluntu: iplastiki ithengwa kwiinkampani ezisebenzisanayo nakwimibutho eziphila ngokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, nto leyo evelisa ingeniso ethe ngqo kuluntu olusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye iqinisa umlinganiselo wentlalo wale teknoloji yokwakha.
Imingeni eYurophu kunye nokufaneleka okunokwenzeka eSpain
Impumelelo yale modeli eKenya, eColombia naseBrazil iphakamisa umbuzo ocacileyo: ingaba ingakanani na indlela enokuthi lungisa izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo kunye nemarike yokwakha eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu? Eli lizwekazi linemithetho engqongqo kakhulu malunga nezixhobo zokwakha, ukhuseleko lomlilo kunye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo.
Nayiphi na inkqubo esekelwe kwiibhloko zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ezazifuna ukungena kwimarike yaseYurophu kuya kufuneka yoyise uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwamandla oomatshini, ukuqina, ukusabela kunye nokumelana nomlilokunye nokubonisa ukusebenza kwayo phantsi komoya ovuthuzayo, iinyikima—apho kufanelekileyo—kunye notshintsho kubushushu. Amava aseKenya ngelayisenisi esemthethweni abonisa ukuba le ndlela iyasebenza, kodwa ifuna ixesha kunye nezixhobo.
Kwelinye icala, iYurophu sele ineziseko zophuhliso ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iplastiki ngendlela ephucukileyoNangona kunganelanga. Ukufaka enye yale nkunkuma kwizixhobo zokwakha kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kwizixhobo eziluhlaza ezingasebenziyo kunye nokuphucula amazinga okurisayikilisha asebenzayo, ukuba nje iingxaki ezinje ngokukhululwa kwe-microplastics okanye ubunzima bolawulo ekupheleni kobomi besakhiwo ziyaphetshwa.
Kwimeko ethile yaseSpain, apho ukwakhiwa kwezitena nesamente kusaqhubeka nokuba yinto ephambili, izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zinokufumana imakethi. ii-niches zesicelo esithile: iindlela zokuhamba ezidolophini, izinto ezikhaphukhaphu zemodyuli, izisombululo zezindlu zexeshana okanye ezingxamisekileyo, okanye iiprojekthi zovavanyo lwezindlu zentlalo ngokubambisana noorhulumente.
Ngaphaya kobuchule bobuchwephesha, kukwakho nokumelana kweshishini eliqhelene neenkqubo ezisemgangathweni ezineendleko eziphantsi zeeyunithi. Amava aphesheya abonisa ukuba, nokuba imveliso iyasebenza, Ukwamkelwa kwabantu abaninzi kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumanani ezoqoqosho kunye nomdla weli candelo kunye nokukwazi kwezisombululo ezintsha ukudibana nekhonkco lexabiso elikhoyo.
Amava aseKenya, eColombia, naseBrazil abonisa ukuba Izitena zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo aziseyonto nje enomdla kwilabhoratri ukuba zizisombululo zokwenyani ezilungisa izitalato, zakha amakhaya, kwaye zibumbe iziseko zophuhliso. Kusekho amathandabuzo malunga nokukhula kwazo kwihlabathi liphela kunye nokuhambelana kwazo nemithetho enzima efana naleyo yaseYurophu, kodwa sele zibonisile ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula imveliso yenkunkuma enengxaki ibe sisixhobo esiluncedo, ukuvelisa imisebenzi kunye nokubonelela ngezinye iindlela ezikhawulezayo nezicocekileyo endaweni yokwakha yendabuko.