Emva komlilo omkhulu, umhlaba uzaliswe yimiboko emnyama nothuthu, kodwa ngaphantsi kwesikhumba esitshileyo, kukho umatshini ongasebenziyo. Ukuhlaziywa kwehlathi yinkqubo ecothayo, eyinkimbinkimbi evakalelwa kakhulu kwimozulu kunye nobukhulu bomlilo., ngoko ke akukho xesha elinye elibekiweyo elisebenza kuzo zonke i-ecosystems. ESpeyin, ubukhulu bamaxesha onyaka akutshanje—namakhulu amawaka eehektare ezitshisiweyo—bubeke lo mbuzo njengowona mxholo wengxoxo kawonke-wonke nakwiiprojekthi ezifana nezi. Ihlathi laseUrÃa: Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ihlathi likhule?
Akukho mpendulo imfutshane kuba zininzi izinto ezibandakanyekileyo. Uhlobo lwezityalo, ubunzulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kwemililo, amanzi akhoyo, ukuchuma komhlaba, ubukho bembewu esebenzayo kunye namaza obushushu amisela ixesha.. Ukongeza, utshintsho lwemozulu lutshintsha iipatheni ebesizithathela ingqalelo ngaphambili: into ebikade ikhula ngakumbi okanye incinci ngoku ingaguquka ibe yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokukhuhla, ukucocwa kunye nemithi embalwa esasazekileyo, inika ingqalelo ulawulo lwamahlathi oluzinzileyo.
Iindlela zamva nje: imililo emikhulu kunye nokuchacha kade
Ihlobo elishushu kakhulu, imbalela ende kunye nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla ibasa umlilo omkhulu ogqithisa kakhulu umyinge wembali wendawo etshileyo ngesiganeko ngasinye. Kwiphulo lakutshanje, imililo engama-6.328 yarekhodwa, ngaphantsi komndilili weminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, kodwa ummandla utshatyalaliswe ngokuphindwe kathathu. Kwakukho malunga ne-60 imililo emikhulu xa kuthelekiswa nesiqhelo se-18 ngonyaka ngamnye, kwaye i-avareji yendawo yomlilo inyuke ukusuka malunga ne-1.500 ukuya kwi-6.100 yeehektare.
Oku kutsiba kwesikali akunto yanto yanto nje. Ubungqina bezenzululwazi bubonisa ukuba kwimozulu esele ishushu i-1,3 ° C kune-pre-industrial, iimeko ezigqithisileyo ezitshisa le mililo inokwenzeka ngamaxesha angama-40 kwaye i-30% inamandla ngakumbi.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uninzi lweyona mililo mikhulu kule nkulungwane igxile kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia, eneziqendu ezinzima eCastile naseLeón, eGalicia, nase-Extremadura, phakathi kweminye imimandla.
Kwakhona inzululwazi ibona utshintsho kwindlela ihlathi elikwazi ngayo ukuphinda likhule, nto leyo engumqondiso ihlathi elingenanto syndrome. Phambi kowama-2000, phantse ama-70% amahlathi achaphazelekileyo akwazile ukubuyisela iintlobo zawo zendalo; ngoku loo pesenti imalunga nama-46%, kwaye kwisinye kwisithathu seemeko, imithi ayisakhuli kwakhona.Kukubethelela ukomelela kwendalo kwe-ikhosistim kunye nesilumkiso sokuba ukuchacha kusenokungayilandeli indlela yamashumi eminyaka adlulileyo.
Iimpembelelo aziphelelanga kwi-peninsula kuphela. Kwimimandla eyomileyo kunye ne-boreal kwihlabathi jikelele, imililo iye yanda kakhulu kwaye ichaphazela iindawo ezinkulu ukusukela ngo-2010.Esi siganeko sihambelana nokuguquka kobushushu behlabathi kunye nokwanda kweziganeko ezigqithisileyo, ezidibanisa amandla omlilo nomoya ofudumeleyo, owomileyo.
Izigaba emva komlilo: ukusuka kwi-ash pulse ukuya kwihlumela lokuqala
Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba amadangatye acinywe, imbonakalo yomhlaba efana nenyanga ibonakala. Ikhaphethi yothuthu ikhupha isantya esifutshane sezondlo-i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium-enokuthi ivuselele umhlaba., kodwa ukunyamalala kohlaza kuwushiya umhlaba uchanabeke kukhukuliseko olunamandla lwamanzi nolomoya.
Kwiimozulu zeMeditera njengeSpain, kukho iintlobo eziye zavela ngomlilo; imeko yangoku yepine eSpain ibonisa indlela ezinye izicwangciso ezivumela ngayo ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza. Iipayini ezine-serotinous cones zivula izikali zazo ngobushushu kwaye zikhulule imbewu; i-oki ye-holm kunye ne-oki ye-cork ihluma kwiingcambu ezikhuselweyo kunye neengcambu; kunye nezinye iintlobo zigcina amathupha aleleyo phantsi komhlaba., ukhuselekile kwidangatye elingaphezulu. Olu luhlu lwezicwangciso-qhinga luchaza ukuba kutheni, kwimililo ephantsi okanye ephakathi, amadangatye okuqala abonwa kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa.
Ngexesha leenyanga zokuqala kunye neminyaka, Iintlobo ezibizwa ngokuba nguvulindlela - i-herbaceous kunye ne-shrubby - i-colonize indawo ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza.Indima yabo ingundoqo: bawuzinzisa umhlaba, badale izinto eziphilayo, bagcine ukufuma, kwaye benze umthunzi, balungise ibhedi ukulungiselela ukusekwa kweentlobo zemithi enzima kamva.
Ibhanki yembewu yomhlaba nayo iyasebenza. Iimbewu ezininzi ezineedyasi eziqinileyo zimelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye zintshula emva komlilo xa kukho ukhuphiswano oluncinci kwaye izondlo zininzi.Kwangaxeshanye, izikhondo zezityalo ezisuka kwizikhondo, iingcambu, okanye i-epicormic buds zivumela imithi ebonakala ngathi ifile ukuba ihlume ngokukhawuleza izikhondo.
Konke oku kwenzeka phantsi komqathango omnye: Ukuba umlilo ubunamandla kakhulu kwaye ubala i-horizon ye-organic, utshabalalise imbewu, amahlumela kunye nenxalenye yomhlaba ochumileyo., inkqubo yendalo iyancipha okanye iyeke, ivule umnyango wokulandelelana okuhluke kakhulu okanye ukukhukuliseka okungenakuguqulwa.
Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuba ihlathi liphinde likhule?
Ixesha lixhomekeke kwi-ikhosistim kunye nobukhali bomlilo. Umhlaba unokubuyisela ukusebenza okusisiseko kwi-1 ukuya kwi-5 iminyaka ukuba umaleko wawo we-organic awuzange ulahleke.Ukuba ukhukuliseko lutshabalalisa loo mbono uchumileyo, ukuchacha kunokuba ngumnqantsa.
Kwimimandla yeMeditera, Ifestile eqhelekileyo yokubuyisela isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi isukela kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwengama-20, ngakumbi ukuba imililo ayiphindi ibekho kwaye imvula ivumela izinto eziphilayo ukuba zihlangane. Kumahlathi eMeditera, Ukutsibela kwinqanaba elincinane lehlathi ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka phakathi kwama-20 nama-50 eminyaka, xa iipayini, i-holm oak okanye i-oki i-colonize kunye nomthunzi we-undergrowth, ilawula i-microclimate kunye nokuphucula umhlaba.
Ukuvuthwa kuthatha ixesha elide. Ukuze kufikelelwe kwinqanaba elintsonkothileyo—elinemijikelo eliqela, ukwahlukahlukana okukhulu, kunye nemijikelo yeekhemikhali ezizinzileyo—ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 okanye eli-100.Kwimibhobhothi ekwimimandla ebandayo, ekhula kancinci kunye nokuvuselelwa nzima, kunokuthatha ikhulu leminyaka ukubuyela kwisakhiwo esithelekiswa neso sangaphambili.
Uphando lugxininisa ukuba iwotshi ayisoloko ibaleka ngesantya esifanayo. Kuhlahlelo lwehlabathi, amahlathi athe aphinda afunyanwa kwiminyaka emi-4 sele eqalisile ukudinga iinyanga ezongezelelweyo ukuze aphinde afumane ingxinano kunye ne-canopy., kunye neminyaka emininzi eyongezelelekileyo ukuze babuyisele imveliso yabo esisiseko—amandla amiselwa zizityalo—ngokulibazisa ukuthathwa kwekharbon.
Iimetriki zoluvo olukude ziqinisekisa oku. Kweminye imililo emikhulu, kuphela malunga nama-40% omhlaba aye waphinda waphinda wagquma umthi wawo wangaphambili kwiminyaka engama-26 kamva.Kweminye imimandla, uhlaza luphinda lube luhlaza ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngolwakhiwo oluhlwempuzekileyo kunye nokwahluka okuphantsi, okuthetha ukuba kuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukwakha kwakhona ihlathi elisebenzayo.
Izilwanyana zilandela ikhalenda yazo. Izinambuzane nezilwanyana ezincancisayo zinokubuya kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ukuba kukho indawo yokuhlala nokutya., kodwa iintlobo ezinkulu kunye neentaka zehlathi zifuna amahlathi anesakhiwo; loo meko inokuthatha iminyaka emininzi ukwakhiwa kwakhona.
Yintoni ekhawulezisa okanye ecothisa ukuchacha
Imozulu inzima, kodwa ubunzima bomlilo bubalulekile. Okukhona umlilo uqina kwaye uthatha ixesha elide, kokukhona utshabalalisa imbewu, amahlumela kunye nomhlaba ophilayo, kwaye ukubuyisela kuyacotha nokuba imozulu ilungile.Kwiindawo ezomileyo nezishushu, ukusinda kwezithole kuyehla, kwaye uxinzelelo lwamanzi lunyusa ukulibaziseka.
Nohlobo lomlilo lubalulekile. Imililo engaphezulu-eqhubela phambili kwi-scrubland engathweswanga-ivumela ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza, malunga ne-10-15 yeminyaka yokhuselo olwamkelekileyo.. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imililo yesithsaba echaphazela umaleko womthi kwaye itshise umhlaba inokufuna amashumi eminyaka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha idinga ungenelelo olusebenzayo.
Ukuphindaphinda enye into ebalulekileyo. Ukuba indawo iyatsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo phambi kokuba kugqitywe amanqanaba okuqala, umhlaba unokudinwa kwaye ubuyele kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, kunye namathambeka anamatye aphantse angabi nabomi bezityalo.Lo mjikelo ukhohlakeleyo uthintela abantu abahlala emahlathini ekubeni baphinde bahlaziye indima yabo kwindalo.
Kukho iziphumo zesakhiwo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji. Emva kwemililo emikhulu, iindawo zokuhlala ziyalahleka, iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingenela amathuba kunye nezihlaselayo ziyathandwa, kwaye nokwakheka kwenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo kuyatshintshwa.Kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aphantsi kwemililo etshisayo, umzekelo, isakhiwo sinokwehliswa sibe yimo elula, enokutsha kakhulu.
Umzekelo weAtlantiki uyabonisa. Kwiindawo zaseGalicia, ukukhula kwakhona kwe-biomass ngokukhawuleza akusoloko kuguqulela kwimihlaba ezinzileyo okanye ukubuyiselwa kwehlathi le-oki kunye nepineyini.Ukwandiswa komthi we-eucalyptus okhula ngokukhawuleza notsha ngokukhawuleza kwenza kube nzima kumahlathi endalo ukuba aphinde abuyele emhlabeni, umzekelo woku. isoyikiso kwiintyatyambo zomthonyama, ngakumbi emva kwemililo emikhulu efana ne-2017 kwi-RÃas Baixas.
Ulawulo lwasemva komlilo: ixesha lokuvumela indalo ukuba yenze into yayo kunye nexesha lokungenelela
Inyathelo lokuqala kukuzihlolisisa ngokuzolileyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ulinde iiveki ezimbalwa okanye iinyanga ezimbalwa ukuze ubone impendulo yemithi, uqikelele ukufa kwangempela, ukuvavanya umonakalo kwizithsaba kunye nokufumanisa ingozi yokhukuliseko.Olu vavanyo lukhokela apho isenzo siyimfuneko kwaye apho ukuvuselelwa kwendalo kunokusebenza.
Eyona nto iphambili ngoku ngumhlaba. Izithintelo ezinomthi otshisiweyo kunye neefascine zibekwe ngokulandela imigca ye-contour, amathambeka azinzile, amadama amancinci afakwe kwiitshaneli okanye izityalo ze-herbaceous zihlwayelwa. ukunciphisa ukubaleka. Kwezinye iimeko, iindiza eziwisiweyo kwiinqwelo-ntaka zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela impembelelo yemvula.
Ukulawula iinkuni ezitshisiweyo kufuna inkathalo. Ukugawulwa ngoomatshini abanzima kunokutshabalalisa umhlaba osandula ukuvela.Kungenjalo, ukugawula nokushiya ezinye iinkuni entsimini kunceda ukugcina ukufuma, ukutyebisa umhlaba, kwaye kubangele ikhusi kwizilwanyana ezisasaza imbewu.
Emva koko kuza isigqibo sokuba kutshatyalaliswe amahlathi okanye hayi. Kwiindawo ezininzi, ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwendalo-ihluma kunye nembewu exhathisayo-kunika iziphumo ezingcono kwaye kuphephe iindleko eziphezulu.Ukuba umonakalo ugqithisile kwaye umhlaba awukwazi ukuzigcina uhlaziyekile ngokwawo, ngoko ke ukukhetha ngokutsha amahlathi kunye neentlobo zendalo kuyathetheleleka, kuthintelwe amasimi ahlukeneyo okanye angaqhelekanga anyusa umngcipheko wexesha elizayo.
Izilwanyana ezitya izityalo mazijongwe. Ixhama, ixhama, iihagu zasendle, imivundla okanye iinkomo zingonakalisa ukukhula kwakhona kunye namasimi amatsha., ngoko ke iingcingo zexeshana zihlala zifakwe. Kwilizwe laseBasque, amava abonisa ukuba ulawulo lwangaphambili-ukucoca ibhulashi kunye nokuqhawula ukuqhubeka okutshayo-kukunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu ukuya kwi-80% yale migudu.
Ihlathi elinemveliso nalo liyafundwa kwaye lilungelelaniswe. Emva kwemililo ethile, intaphane yeradiata pine ithathelwa indawo zizinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokungunda kunye nomlilo., ukunciphisa ubuthathaka. Ngokunxuseneyo, ucwangciso lugxile kwimbonakalo-mhlaba ye-mosaic kunye nokungaqhubeki okucothisa ukusasazeka.
Isikhokelo somthetho nentlalo sibalulekile. UMthetho wezaMahlathi uyakwalela ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa komhlaba iminyaka engama-30 emva komlilo., inciphisa inkuthazo egqwethekileyo. Yaye ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yasemaphandleni—ingqesho, ukufuywa ngokubanzi, ukuphathwa kwamahlathi—ukuthintelwa kuyaphazamiseka; ngaphezu kwe-90% yemililo eSpain ibangelwa ngabantu, nto leyo igxininisa imfuneko yokomeleza ukucupha, imfundo kunye nolawulo.
Izifundo ezivela kwintsimi: imizekelo kunye neepateni eziphindaphindayo
Imililo emikhulu yeminyaka yakutshanje ishiye amanxeba acacileyo. E-Ourense, eCáceres, eZamora nase-Asturias, iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ziye zadlula kwisithethe esifanayo sokuvavanya, ukulawulwa kokukhukuliseka kunye nokubeka iliso.Kwezinye iimeko, ezifana neSierra Bermeja (Málaga) emva komlilo omkhulu we-2021, iinkqubo ezithile zenziwa ukuba zibeke iliso kwizityalo kunye nokuzinza komhlaba.
Kukho idatha esinceda siqonde ukuba kutheni imbonakalo yomhlaba ingabuyi ifane. E-Òdena (Anoia), ishumi leminyaka emva komlilo, umhlaba awubonisi hlathi elishinyeneyo lepayini njengakwi-80s, kodwa i-mosaic ene-scrub, i-clean kunye neminye i-oki okanye i-oki ye-holm.Kuloo mmandla, phakathi kwama-400.000 kunye nama-600.000 amandongomane ompayini kwakuqikelelwa ukuba aya kukhula ngehektare nganye—elingana ne-15.000–20.000 yepineyini ngehektare—kodwa kuphela malunga ne-1.000 eyachumayo; ubushushu nembalela zawanciphisa kakhulu amandla azo.
Le pateni ayithethi ukuba ingalunganga. Imbonakalo-mhlaba ye-mosaic elawulwa kakuhle inokuphucula intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwaye isebenze njengezinto zendalo zokunqanda umlilo.Undoqo kukuqonda apho kulungileyo ukuvumela le mosaic ivele kwaye apho kufuneka ungenelelo lokubuyisela imisebenzi elahlekileyo ye-ikholoji.
IAragon inika esinye isifundo. Umlilo owenzeka ebudeni bomsebenzi wokuhlaziya amahlathi watshabalalisa iihektare ezili-14 000 eMoros naseAteca, yaye kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, kwakusele kugaywe amahlathi amalunga nama-200 kuphela.Ubungakanani bomonakalo, ubukhali bomlilo, kunye nobuchule bokulawula bumisela isantya kunye nomda wokubuyisela.
I-balance sheet yesizwe ibonisa ubungakanani obuguqukayo. Bekukho amaphulo amalunga ne-157.000 yeehektare ezitshisiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kweli xesha lonyaka; kwezinye, inani linyuke laya kutsho ngaphezu kwe-350.000 kwaye lide lisondele kwi-400.000 yeehektare., kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kunye nokulandelelana kwamaza okushisa. La manani akwasitha umahluko kubukhali kunye nomthamo wohlaziyo kwimimandla yonke.
Kumntla-ntshona wepeninsula, UGalicia uye wafumana umlilo ophindaphindiweyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-scrubland.Noko ke, ihlathi lemveli lalo—imi-oki nemipayini—kuthabatha ixesha elide ukusekwa, yaye ingcinezelo ye-eucalyptus yenza kube nzima ukubuya kweendawo zokuhlala ezingatshayo. Nakweyiphi na imeko, ukuva okude (isathelayithi, i-LiDAR) izizinzisile njengesixhobo sokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuvela kwe-canopy, ukuxinana kwezityalo, kunye nomngcipheko oshiyekileyo.
Ukujonga ixesha eliphakathi, Eminye imimandla eyazihlaziyayo kwixesha elidlulileyo ngoku ifuna ulawulo olusebenzayo ukunqanda ukubanjiswa kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo.Amava abonisa ukuba ukukhusela umhlaba ngokukhawuleza emva komlilo, ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwendalo xa kunokwenzeka, ngokukhetha ukungenelela apho ungekhoyo, kunye nokuyila imbonakalo-mhlaba engenamafutha angaqhubiyo kangako kunokwenza umahluko phakathi kwesiva esingapheliyo kunye nehlathi elisebenzayo.
Ixesha lokuvuselelwa kwehlathi Ayilinganiswa ngeminyaka kuphela, kodwa kumandla ommandla wokubuyisela ukwahluka kwawo, ubume kunye nemisebenzi. Ngomlilo oqatha ngakumbi kunye nemozulu eyomileyo, ukungaguquguquki kuthintelo, ulawulo lwamahlathi, kunye nenkxaso kuluntu lwasemaphandleni, kunye ukuhlaziya kunye nokubuyisela, iba yinto ebalulekileyo njengemvula ebangela amahlumela okuqala.
