Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ixabiso lombane eSpeyin liye lafikelela kumanqanaba angazange abonwe ngaphambili, okubangele ukukhathazeka kwizigidi zamakhaya kunye neenkampani. Into ebikade ibonakala ngathi lityala lombane elilawulekayo ngoku imele enye yeendleko ezinkulu kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwakho lwenyanga. Umbuzo obuzwa ngabaninzi ngulo: Kutheni ityala lombane lingayeki ukunyuka eSpain? Izizathu zininzi, kodwa zinxulumene ikakhulu nezinto zamazwe ngamazwe, ubume bemarike yamandla kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Emva koko, siya kuchaza izizathu eziphambili kunye nokuba ixabiso lombane lixhomekeke ekuqondeni le nto kunye nendlela esinokujamelana ngayo nalo mngeni.
Ixabiso lombane lixhomekeke entwenini?
Ixabiso lombane aliphenduli kwinto enye, kodwa lixhomekeke kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisanayo. Phakathi kwezona zinto ziphawulekayo ziindleko ze igesi yendalo kunye Ukukhutshwa kwe CO2, imfuno yamandla ngamaxesha athile kunye nefuthe le amandla ahlaziyekayo. Eminye imiba ephambili yimithetho karhulumente, unikezelo kunye nolwakhiwo lwemfuno kwimarike nakwimiba ye-geopolitical, njengemfazwe phakathi kweRussia neUkraine. Ngezantsi, sijonga le miba ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo ixabiso lokugqibela esilihlawulayo nyanga nganye.
1. Ukunyuka kwexabiso legesi yendalo
El igesi yendalo Ngomnye wemithombo esetyenziswa kakhulu ekuveliseni umbane ngokusebenzisa i imijikelo edibeneyo. Xa ixabiso legesi kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe linyuka, ixabiso lombane lenza njalo. Isizathu esiphambili sokunyuka kwexabiso kukuphazamiseka kokunikezelwa okuvela eRashiya ngenxa yengxabano ne-Ukraine, ebangele iYurophu, kuquka iSpeyin, ixhomekeke kwabanye abathengisi ababiza kakhulu njengeAlgeria. Ngenxa yoko, irhasi iye yagqitha 200 euro MWh nganye ngamanye amaxesha kunyaka ophelileyo.
2. Impembelelo yemarike yombane engabalulekanga
Inkqubo yamaxabiso ombane eSpain ilandela imodeli umntu obekekileyo, apho iteknoloji ebiza kakhulu efika ekusebenzeni ukuhlawula imfuno yiyo eseka ixabiso lokugqibela. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona inxalenye enkulu yombane iveliswa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo, lixabiso legesi, elibiza kakhulu, eligqiba ukugqiba iindleko ezihlawulwa ngabathengi. Ngamanye amazwi, nangona umlinganiselo omkhulu wombane uvela kwimithombo engabizi kakhulu efana nomoya okanye ilanga, ukuba imfuno ifuna ukubhenela kumjikelo odityanisiweyo, iindleko zokukhupha ziya kuba phezulu kakhulu.
3. Ukunyuka kweendleko zokukhutshwa kweCO2
Ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iManyano yaseYurophu iphumeze a Amalungelo okukhutshwa kweCO2. Izityalo ezixhomekeke kumafutha efosili njengerhasi okanye amalahle kufuneka zihlawule zonke iitoni zekharbon diokside eziyikhuphayo. La malungelo aye abiza kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye iindleko zigqithile I-euro ezingama-90 ngetoni nganye. Njengegesi, oku kunyuka kunempembelelo ngqo kumatyala omthengi.
4. Imfuno enkulu yombane
Imfuno yombane yenye into ebalulekileyo. Ngexesha lobushushu okanye amaza abandayo, xa ukusetyenziswa kwe-air conditioning okanye ukufudumeza kwanda, abasasazi kufuneka bavelise umbane ongaphezulu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno, ezityhala amaxabiso phezulu. Le nto ibonwa ngokukodwa ngexesha leeyure eziphakamileyo, apho ukusetyenziswa kombane kuphezulu, okunokuthi kuguqulelwe kwiindleko eziphezulu.
Kutheni ityala lombane lihlala linyuka eSpain
Isixa sazo zonke ezi zinto zenze isaqhwithi esigqibeleleyo ekunyukeni kwexabiso lombane. Ngezantsi, sihlalutya izinto ezithile ezibangele ukuba ityala lombane liqhubeke nokunyuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
- El ungquzulwano phakathi kweRashiya neUkraine idlale indima ebalulekileyo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso erhasi yendalo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inyusa ixabiso lombane. Oku kubangele ukunyuka kwembali kwixabiso le-MWh kwimarike ye-wholesale yaseSpain, ukufikelela kwiincopho ze €400/MWh.
- El ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lezehlo zemozulu ezigqithisileyo ikwadlala indima. Ngokomzekelo, ebusika, ukusetyenziswa kokufudumala kombane kukhula ngokukhawuleza, okwandisa imfuno kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lombane.
- La ukunciphisa imveliso yamandla ahlaziyekayo Kwiinyanga ezithile, ngenxa yokungabikho komoya okanye ilanga, kukwanegalelo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso. Izinto ezihlaziywayo zinexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa xa zingonelanga, kufuneka sibhenele kumandla abiza kakhulu nawongcoliseko.
- Las Intlawulo yokukhupha i-CO2 Iimitters ezinkulu ezifana negesi kunye nezityalo zamalahle ziyahlawula. Ukunyuka kwezi ntlawulo, njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo waseYurophu wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, kube negalelo ekunyukeni kweendleko zokuvelisa umbane.
Imimiselo karhulumente ukunciphisa impembelelo
Ukunqanda impembelelo yokunyuka kombane kumakhaya nakwiinkampani, uRhulumente waseSpain uye waphumeza uthotho lwamanyathelo ukususela ngoJuni 2021, eyona nto yaziwa kakhulu. ixabiso legesi cap, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi ngaphandle kwe-iberian. Lo mlinganiselo unciphisa ixabiso lerhasi esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane phakathi kwe-40 kunye ne-50 euros kwi-MWh nganye, ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kwimijikelo edibeneyo. Ukongeza, urhulumente uvume ukuncitshiswa kwe I-VAT nge-5% kubathengi basekhaya kunye nokudalwa kwe iindidi ezintsha zebhonasi yentlalo yombane.
El ibhonasi yentlalo yombane ibeyenye yeentsika ezisisiseko kwesi sicwangciso, inikezela ngezaphulelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-65% kubathengi abathathwa njengabasesichengeni, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% kwabo bakwimeko yobuthathaka kakhulu. Le bhonasi iye yandiswa yaya kutsho kwiindidi ezintsha zamakhaya anengeniso ephantsi, ngaloo ndlela ithanda iintsapho ezininzi ezinokuthi zigqalwe njengezisesichengeni samandla.
Kongezwa kula maphulo kukho eminye imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kombane kweli lizwe kwixesha elide, njengemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza. ukuzisebenzisa kunye izibonelelo zofakelo lwamandla e-photovoltaic.
Amanye amanyathelo okunciphisa ityala lombane
Ukongeza kwimilinganiselo yesakhiwo ukuphepha ukunyuka okukhulu kwixesha elifutshane, abasebenzisi banokuphinda basebenzise uluhlu lwezicwangciso zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane kwaye, ngoko, ityala labo. Ezinye zezona zisebenzayo ziquka:
- Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla: Ukukhetha izixhobo zombane ezisebenzayo kunye nesatifikethi samandla sodidi A kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa.
- Ukufakwa kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic: Ukuzisebenzisa ngokwakho ngokusebenzisa iipaneli zelanga ngenye yeendlela ezizinzileyo kunye nezoqoqosho, kuba ikuvumela ukuba uvelise amandla akho kwaye unciphise ukuxhomekeka kwiinkampani ezinkulu zombane.
- Ukuphuculwa kweeshedyuli zokusetyenziswa: Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zombane ezifana nomatshini wokuhlamba okanye umatshini wokuhlamba izitya ngexesha leeyure ezingasebenzi kakhulu (ekuseni kusasa okanye ngeempelaveki) kunokwenza umahluko kwi-bill yokugqibela.
Kuyabonakala ukuba ukunyuka kwebhilidi yombane eSpain kuphendula kwindibaniselwano yezinto zamazwe ngamazwe, zelizwe kunye nezakhiwo kwiimarike zombane ezichaphazela abathengi basekhaya kunye neenkampani. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye nokuzinikela okukhulu kumandla avuselelekayo, kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa le mpembelelo kwixesha elizayo.