Imoto ayisiyiyo kuphela ekhwela kwimoto yombane. Ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kukwakhomba kwelo cala, nkqu nentengiso, nangona kusekho iminyaka embalwa ukuze ibe yinto enokwenzeka, njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje ukubona i-BMW i3, i-Nissan Leaf okanye i-Tesla encinci kwiindlela zethu.
Okwangoku, Inqwelomoya yombane ikwinqanaba eliphambili lokutshintsha, kunye nenkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweenqwelomoya ezikwaziyo ukuhamba ngeenqwelomoya ezimfutshane kunye nezengingqi. Ukusuka kwiinkampani ezifana neWright Electric ukuya kwizigebenga zeshishini njengeAirbus, wonke umntu ubheja ngekamva lombane lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Isiqalo saseMelika, uWright Electric, usete injongo enqwenelekayo: ukuphuhlisa inqwelomoya yombane kwiminyaka eli-10 ezayo, inomthamo wabakhweli abayi-150, enokuqhuba iinqwelomoya ezingaphantsi kweemayile ezingama-300 (iikhilomitha ezingama-482), umgama ongaphantsi kwalowo wahlula iMadrid kwiBarcelona (iikhilomitha ezingama-504).
Okwangoku, iWright Electric inesivumelwano sokusebenzisana kunye ne-EasyJet kunye neminyaka eyi-10 ezayo ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sayo. Olu hlobo lwezinto ezintsha lunokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza imarike yeenqwelo-moya ezingaphantsi kwe-500 km, kunye neendlela ezifana ne-Madrid-Barcelona okanye i-London-Paris, enokuthi ibe yinto ehamba phambili yokutshintsha kwiindiza zombane.
Umceli mngeni wezobuchwepheshe kwiinqwelomoya zombane
Ngelishwa, amanye amazwi akanalo ithemba kangako. «Kukho iingxaki ezimbini ezinkulu: eyokuqala, ukufumana iibhetri ezigcina amandla, kunye nobunzima bazo. Okwesibini kukufumana iinjini ezinamandla afana nalawo e-reactor yangoku, utshilo uAlejandro Ibrahim, injineli ye-aeronautical kunye nomlawuli kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya iTeruel.
Omnye wemingeni ephambili yethekhinoloji Ubuninzi bamandla beebhetri zangoku. Nangona inkqubela sele yenziwe kwiimoto zombane ezifana neTesla, kwimeko yeenqwelo-moya, ubuninzi bamandla kufuneka bunyuke ngokukhawuleza ukuze bukwazi ukuxhotyiswa ngeenjini zokutsha zangoku. Namhlanje, iibhetri zeenqwelo-moya zombane zorhwebo zinomthamo omalunga ne-200 Wh/kg, ngelixa iingcali ezifana no-Elon Musk zikholelwa ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba zidlule i-400 Wh / kg ukwenza iinqwelomoya zomgama ophakathi zisebenze.
Ukongeza, imimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe kwicandelo le-aeronautical yongeza umaleko owongezelelweyo wobunzima. Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwenqwelomoya entsha yombane inokuthatha ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emi-10, ekubeni kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba iteknoloji entsha ikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo kubakhweli.
Intsebenziswano yeqhinga lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya zombane
Isicwangciso sikaWright Electric kukwakha indawo yokugcina izinto ejolise kwicandelo elithile ukugubungela iindlela ezimfutshane. Ezi ntlobo zeenqwelomoya zisondele $ 87.000 yezigidigidi kunyaka ophelileyo, konke oku kukongeza kwiinqwelomoya ezingama-967 ezithengiswa yiBoeing kunye neAirbus. Ukuqala kwakhona kusayine izivumelwano kunye ne-EasyJet, esele ihlola iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa i-carbon footprint.
Ukongeza kwiWright Electric, ezinye iinkampani ezinkulu zibheja kwinqwelomoya yombane. Ngo-2021, I-Airbus kunye ne-Siemens utyikitye isivumelwano sokuphuhlisa iinqwelomoya ezisebenza ngombane, ngeenjongo zokuba kubekho iinqwelomoya ezinomthamo wokukhwelisa abakhweli abali-100 kwiindlela ezimfutshane ngo-2030.
I-Siemens, ngokukodwa, igxininise kakhulu kuphando lwayo ekuphuculeni amandla ombane weemoto zombane ze-aeronautical, ukukhangela iindlela zokwandisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima obupheleleyo bamacandelo ombane.
Iiprojekthi zangoku ezaphula imiqobo
El I-Solar Impulse, iprojekthi ekhuthazwa yi-Swiss Bertrand Piccard, ibonise ukuba, nangona kukho indlela ende yokuhamba, indiza yombane inokwenzeka. Le nqwelo-moya, ebhabhela kwihlabathi liphela iqhutywa ngamandla elanga, iye yabeka isiseko sezinye iiprojekthi eziqhubela phambili.
U-Ibrahim akanalo ithemba kangako ngaloo mda, ngenxa yombuzo wamaxesha anxulumene noyilo nophuhliso lwenqwelomoya: «Unethemba elikhulu. Ukususela kuyilo ukuya kwisatifikethi kuthatha iminyaka eyi-10 kwaye xa uyinikezela kwi-EASA kunye ne-FAA sele kufuneka uchaze kwisicwangciso into oza kuyenza. Ngamazwi ka-Ibrahim, inkqubo yokuyila kunye nokuqinisekisa inqwelomoya ithintela ukuphuculwa kwimpukane.
Ukubanakho kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-biofuels kwi-aviation
Ngaphandle kombane, i-biofuels kunye ne-hydrogen zivela njengezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yokubhabha. Iinkampani ezifana ne-Repsol kunye ne-Iberia ziqalise ukusebenzisa iinqwelo-moya ezihamba ixesha elide zisebenzisa i-biofuels, zilawula ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-15% kwindiza nganye.
Kwelinye icala, ihydrogen ivela njengenye yamafutha exesha elizayo. Ii-injini ezisekwe kwi-Hydrogen ziyakwazi ukunika uluhlu olukhulu kakhulu kuneebhetri zombane, zenza iinqwelomoya ezihamba umgama omde kwinqwelomoya zombane zibe nokwenzeka ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcinwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-hydrogen kusenemingeni ebalulekileyo yobugcisa.
Impembelelo yokupheliswa kweenqwelomoya ezimfutshane kuphuhliso lweenqwelomoya zombane
Kuninzi ekuthethwe ngako uthintelo lweenqwelomoya ezimfutshane ezinenye indlela ngololiwe, njengoko kunjalo kwindlela yaseMadrid-Barcelona. Noko ke, ezinye iingcali ezinjengoJavier Sánchez-Prieto, umongameli waseIberia, zilumkisa ngelithi ukuphelisa ezi ndlela kunokuba ngumqobo omkhulu ekuphuhlisweni kweenqwelo-moya zombane.
«Uvavanyo kunye nophuhliso lweenqwelomoya zombane lwenziwa ikakhulu kwiinqwelomoya ezimfutshane. Ukuba siyazivala ezi ndlela, kuya kuchaphazela kakubi inkqubela phambili yokufakelwa kombane kwinqwelomoya,” utsho uSánchez-Prieto.
Inkqubela phambili esisondeza kwinqwelomoya yombane
Nangona kukho imingeni, inkqubela ibonakala. Umzekelo ngu I-Pipistrel Velis Electro, esandula ukuphula irekhodi yendiza ende yombane kunye noluhlu olungaphezu kweeyure ze-15. Le nqwelo-moya, eyilelwe iinqwelomoya ezimfutshane kunye nokuqeqesha, imele inkqubela phambili ekuphuhlisweni kweenqwelo-moya zombane.
Enye iprojekthi echaphazelekayo yileyo ye-Heart Aerospace, ephuhlisa inqwelomoya yombane enomthamo wabakhweli abangama-30 kunye noluhlu lwe-400 km. Izicwangciso zayo zibandakanya ukuqala iinqwelomoya zokuqala zorhwebo ngo-2028.
Ekugqibeleni, impembelelo yotshintsho oluya kwiinqwelomoya zombane aziyi kubonakaliswa kuphela kwindawo esezantsi yekhabhoni, kodwa nakwi ukuncipha okubonakalayo kungcoliseko lwengxolo kunye nokungcangcazela kwiindawo ezikufuphi nezikhululo zeenqwelomoya, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babemi bezi ndawo.
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba indlela yokufakelwa kombane kwinqwelomoya intsonkothile kwaye iya kuthatha ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji yebhetri, iimotor zombane kunye ne-biofuels, siyasondela ekuboneni iinqwelomoya zombane zisiya esibhakabhakeni yonke imihla kunye nesiseko sorhwebo.