I-oyile yinto engamanzi yendalo eyenziwe kukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kwizigidi zeminyaka. Inoluhlu olubanzi lweempawu kunye nokusetyenziswa okuyenza ibe yenye yezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ngumthombo ongahlaziyekiyo, inkxalabo malunga nokuncipha kwayo ikhula yonke imihla. Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza mingaphi iminyaka yeoli eseleyo kwaye kuza kwenziwa ntoni ngale meko.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba mingaphi iminyaka yeoli esele, yintoni imbonakalo yangoku, izinto ezichaphazela ukuchithwa koovimba kunye nokuba zeziphi izicwangciso ezikhoyo zokujongana nalo mngeni wamandla.
Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweoli
Ngokuphathelele iimpawu zayo, ioli ngumxube ontsonkothileyo weehydrocarbons, eziyimichiza eyenziwe yicarbon nehydrogen. Umbala wabo kunye nokuxinana kwabo kunokwahluka, ukusuka kulwelo olukhanyayo, olucacileyo ukuya kulwelo oluxineneyo, olumnyama, njengeoyile ekrwada. Le yantlukwano ekubunjweni kwayo inika iipropati ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-viscosity kunye nokuguquguquka, okubalulekileyo ekuqhubeni kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokugqibela.
Ukusetyenziswa kweoyile kwahluka kakhulu kwaye kugubungela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bale mihla. Olunye lolona setyenziso lwaziwayo lu ukuveliswa kwamafutha efosili, afana nepetroli, idizili kunye nekerosene, kubalulekile kwishishini lezothutho kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla. Ukongeza, i-oyile ikwasetyenziswa njengento ekrwada ekwenzeni uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zepetrochemical, ezibandakanya iiplastiki, izichumisi, izithambiso, amayeza kunye neekhemikhali zoshishino.
Kwishishini lemichiza, i-petroleum sisiseko sokuhlanganiswa kweekhompawundi ezininzi eziyimfuneko ekwenzeni iimveliso zemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, Iiplastiki ezithatyathwe kwipetroleum zifumaneka kwiipakethe, izinto zokudlala, nakwizixhobo zendlu. kunye nenani elikhulu lezinto esizisebenzisayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
Olunye usetyenziso olubalulekileyo lweoyile njengomthombo wobushushu kwishishini kunye namakhaya, ngokuveliswa kwegesi yendalo kunye neemveliso ezithathwe njengepropane. Ukongezelela, ioli isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kombane kwizityalo zamandla ezishushu, nangona oku kusetyenziswa kuye kwancipha ngenxa yokukhangela imithombo yamandla ecocekileyo.
Mingaphi iminyaka yeoli eseleyo?
Umlinganiselo oseleyo weoli okhoyo ehlabathini ngumxholo ekuxoxwa ngawo ngokubanzi. Kunzima ukuqikelela umlinganiselo ochanileyo weoli eseleyo, kodwa uqikelelo olwahlukahlukeneyo lubonisa ukuba ayisayi kwanela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zabemi behlabathi.
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-International Energy Agency (IEA), kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga ne-1,7 yeetriliyoni zemiphanda yeoli koovimba. Kwezi, isi-1,2 sebhiliyoni sigqalwa njengaso inokubuyiselwa, okuthetha ukuba banokugrunjwa ngobuchwephesha bangoku. Nangona kunjalo, eli nani liyahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yezinto ezininzi, ezifana nokufunyanwa kweediphozithi ezintsha, ukuphuculwa kweendlela zokukhupha kunye nokuvela kwemfuno yehlabathi.
Saudi Arabia Inowona vimba weoyile mkhulu owaziwayo ongama-266,2 eebhiliyoni zemiphanda, ilandelwa ngamazwe anjengeUnited States neIran.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile ngoku kwihlabathi jikelele malunga ne-100 yezigidi zemiphanda ngosuku. Kolu setyenziso, malunga ne-40% ilungiselelwe ukuthutha. Ukuba sigcina esi santya, iingcali ezininzi zicebisa ukuba oovimba banokuphela malunga neminyaka engama-47. Noko ke, eli nani, nangona lisothusa, aliqinisekanga.
Ngokomhlalutyi uClaudio Estrada Gasca, ovela kwiZiko loPhando lwaMandla we-National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), ioli ingaba phakathi kwe-42 kunye ne-50 iminyaka eseleyo ngenxa yale ndlela yokusetyenziswa.
Izinto eziphembelela ukuncipha koovimba beoyile
Ukuqikelela ukuba mingaphi iminyaka esishiyekileyo kwi-oyile asiyonzululwazi echanekileyo kwaye iphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka:
- Ukukhula kwemfuno: Ukusetyenziswa kweoyile kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, nto leyo ekhawulezisa ukuncipha koovimba.
- Ukufunyanwa kweediphozithi ezintsha: Nangona kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi, iidiphozithi ezintsha zeoyile ziyaqhubeka nokufunyanwa ngamaxesha athile. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe anjengeBrazil, iGuyana neNamibia, kuye kwafunyanwa izinto ezibalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
- Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe: Uphuculo lobugcisa bokuyila, obufana nokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic, kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezintsha zokufumana ioyile kwimithombo ebikade ingafikeleleki, nako kuphembelela ukwandiswa kokufumaneka kobu butyebi.
- Utshintsho lwamandla: Ukutyhala amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye notshintsho ekusebenzeni kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile.
Ikamva yeoli
Ikamva leoli aliqinisekanga. Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba i-oyile iya kuhlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomxube wamandla ehlabathi kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, kodwa indima yayo iya kuncipha njengoko umhlaba usiya ekwamkelweni okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo.
La I-Arhente yaMandla yeHlabathi (IEA) iqikelele ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweoli yehlabathi kuya kuphakama phakathi kwe-2029 kunye ne-2030. Emva koko, iya kuqala ukuhla kancinci. Lo mcimbi owaziwa ngokuba ioli ephezulu okanye "ioli ephezulu" iya kuqhutywa kuphuhliso lwezithuthi zombane, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokukhula kwemithombo ecocekileyo efana namandla elanga kunye nomoya.
Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ukuxhomekeka ngamandla kumafutha efosili, ngakumbi kumacandelo afana nothutho lomoya, lwaselwandle kunye nolwemizi-mveliso. La macandelo aza kuthatha ixesha elide ukutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla engenye.
Ingakanani i-oyile ekhoyo ngoku nekhoyo?
Okwangoku, oovimba be-oyile behlabathi abafikelelekayo baqikelelwa malunga ne-1,7 yeetriliyoni zemiphanda. Aba vimba basasazwa ngokungalingani phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi.
Uninzi lweoli yehlabathi ifumaneka kumazwe ambalwa nje. Iingingqi ezintathu ziphethe imveliso yeoli:
- Phakathi empuma: ISaudi Arabia ngoyena mvelisi weoli omkhulu kulo mmandla.
- EUnited States: Ikakhulu ibulela kumalinge ayo okukhutshwa kwe-oyile ngokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic (fracking) kunye nediphozithi yayo eninzi ye-oyile ye-shale.
- Venezuwela: Phezu kwayo nje imeko yayo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, isaqhubeka igcina enye yezona ndawo zinkulu zoovimba ezaziwayo.
Ukufunyanwa kwamasimi amatsha kusenokwenzeka, kodwa uninzi lweediphozithi ezintsha ezifunyenwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje zikwindawo ekunzima ukuzisebenzisa, njengamanzi anzulu okanye kwimimandla ekude. Ezi diphozithi zithetha iindleko eziphezulu, kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Mingaphi iminyaka enokusetyenziswa ioli ngeli xesha iseluncedo?
I-oyile iya kuqhubeka iluncedo okoko nje itekhnoloji yangoku iqhubeka ixhomekeke kuyo kwaye okoko nje kukho oovimba abakhoyo abanoqoqosho lokukhupha. Ngogcino lwangoku, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-oyile inokuhlala phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-100 iminyaka, ihlala ixhomekeke kwindlela ihlabathi elilawula ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwaye liqhubela phambili kumandla azinzileyo.
Kucacile ukuba, nangona i-oyile iza kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, utshintsho olusingise kubuchwephesha obucocayo nobunokuvuselelwa sele luqhuba. Utyalo-mali kwezinye iindawo, njengamandla elanga kunye nomoya womoya, lukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye amazwe amaninzi sele ebeke iinjongo zokuphelisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kumafutha e-fossil kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Ekugqibeleni, i-oyile ngumthombo ogqityiweyo oya kuthi ekugqibeleni uphele. Sixhomekeke ekuqiniseni iinzame zethu zamandla ahlaziyekayo ukunciphisa ifuthe lesi siganeko singenakuthintelwa.