Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela ngokunzulu ulungelelwaniso lwemozulu yehlabathi. Impembelelo yayo ngokuthe ngqo: igalelo ekwandiseni i-greenhouse effect, leyo ibangela ukunyuka okuzinzileyo kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo leplanethi. Enye yezona ndawo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kwesi siganeko yiAmazon, eyaziwa ngokuba yi umphunga weplanethi ngokukwazi kwayo ukufunxa izixa ezikhulu zeCO2 ngephotosynthesis. Kodwa lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo usongelwa ngamandla kukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ingxaki leyo, phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ethile, isahleli imbi.
Ngexesha lokubhiyozelwa kwe ISamithi yeMozulu yaseBonn (COP23), iimpembelelo zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwiiNdawo eziKhuselweyo zase-Amazon kunye namanyathelo anokuthi athathwe ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yawo kwaxoxwa ngayo. Kweli nqaku, sihlolisisa indlela iAmazon eye yachatshazelwa ngayo kukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungakhethiyo, amanyathelo athatyathwayo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nemeko ekusenokwenzeka ukuba iya kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuncitshiswa kwamahlathi
Ngaphandle kwamazinga othusayo embali, uphononongo lwamva nje lubonisa umkhwa oncomekayo. Ngexesha leentlanganiso ze-COP23 kuye kwatyhilwa ukuba, ngoJulayi ka-2023, izinga lokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi e-Amazon liye lancitshiswa. 28% xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo lonyaka ophelileyo. Ukongeza, kwaxelwa ukuba le yirekhodi yesibini ephantsi ukusuka kwi-1997, ngokwedatha evela kwi Inkqubo yokuJonga iSatellite yokugawulwa kwamahlathi eAmazon (IiProdes).
Ukuphunyezwa kwezicwangciso zokusebenza ezisebenzayo kube yeyona nto iphambili kolu kuncipha. Ukususela kwi Isicwangciso sokuSebenza soThintelo kunye nokuLwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwi-Amazon Legal yasungulwa ngo-2004, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwehle nge-76%. Esi sicwangciso siquka iinzame ezidityanelweyo zokucupha ngesathelayithi, umthetho wendalo esingqongileyo kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungakhethiyo.
Ukongeza, i Urhulumente waseBrazil, phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uLula da Silva, wabhala i-50% yembali yokunciphisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-2023 xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo. Ngokutsho kweNational Institute for Space Research (INPE) yaseBrazil, olu lolona nciphiso lukhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo.
Amanyathelo okunciphisa iimpembelelo
Isitshixo sokunciphisa impembelelo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwi-Amazon ilele ekuphuhliseni a uqoqosho lohlaza ekhuthaza izenzo ezizinzileyo. Ngale ndlela, inani lamazwe aseYurophu atyikitye izivumelwano zentsebenziswano yezemali ukuxhasa ukulondolozwa kwale nkqubo ibalulekileyo yendalo. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited Kingdom izinikele 70 million kwiinkqubo zokulondoloza amahlathi, kwaye iJamani ithembisile 61 million ukuxhasa iNgxowa-mali yeAmazon.
Olu tyalo-mali lufuna ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwamahlathi, ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kobutyebi bendalo kunye nokulwa nokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kukho inkqubela, kusekuninzi ekusafuneka kwenziwe, njengoko indibaniselwano yezinto ezifana nokufuya kakhulu, ukwanda kwezolimo kunye norhwebo lwamaplanga luqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi.
EBrazil, ulawulo lweLula luqinise imimiselo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuqinisa amaziko afana ne IBAMA, edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni iliso nasekuvavanyeni iindawo ezisesichengeni. La manyathelo aqala ukuvelisa iziqhamo, njengoko kubonakaliswe yi-45,7% yokunciphisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwi-Amazon yaseBrazil kulo nyaka uphelileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, eminye imingeni ihleli: ngoJulayi 2024, ukwanda kokutshatyalaliswa kwemimandla yamahlathi kwabonwa, i-33% ngaphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo ngo-2023. Oku kubonisa ukuba, nangona iinzame zisendleleni, ukuguquguquka kwexesha kunye nezinto zangaphandle, ezifana Imbalela emandla eyayanyaniswa nesenzeko El Niño, qhubeka uchaphazela iAmazon.
Indima yeendawo ezikhuselweyo kunye nemimandla yemveli
Imimandla ekhuselweyo kunye nemimandla yemveli ingqineke iyimiqobo esebenzayo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Kwi IiYunithi zoLondolozo zaseAmazon, Ukutshatyalaliswa kwehlathi kwancitshiswa nge-67% kwaye, kwimimandla yendabuko, nge-50% kunyaka odlulileyo, ngenxa yokuhlolwa okunamandla kwendawo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Kwakhona, Kholambiya ifumene ukwehla okuphawulekayo kumanqanaba okutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kummandla wayo we-Amazon. Ngo-2023, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuya kuncitshiswa 38% xa kuthelekiswa no-2022, ukonga ngaphezu kweehektare ze-26.900 zehlathi ngokwedatha karhulumente. Oku kuhla kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe IsiCwangciso soPhuhliso seSizwe kunye nenkuthazo kuluntu lwengingqi oluzibophelele ekukhuseleni amahlathi.
Ngale ndlela, inkqubo Gcina uHlawula Kuye kwaba yindlela esisiseko yokukhuthaza uluntu ukuba luthathe inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo ekugcinweni kweAmazon. Iintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-2,000 XNUMX kwiAmazon yaseColombia ziye zafumana inkuthazo yezoqoqosho ukuze zithobele ukhuseleko lwamahlathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ePeru nase-Ecuador, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zisayinwe ukukhusela umda we-Amazon, efuna ukulungelelanisa iinzame zokulwa nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwinqanaba lengingqi.
Impembelelo yemfuyo kunye nezolimo
Ukufuywa kwemfuyo ngokubanzi kusaqhubeka nokuba yenye yezona zinto ziqhuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eAmazon. Ngokutsho kweGreenpeace, i-80% yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwindawo yaseAmazon inxulumene nokufuya imfuyo. Oku kubangelwa kukwanda kwamadlelo, nto leyo efuna ukugawulwa kwemithi kakhulu.
Ngaphaya koko, ulimo lwezorhwebo, ngakumbi ukulinywa kweembotyi zesoya nesundu, nako kunegalelo elikhulu ekutshatyalalisweni kwamahlathi. Imfuno yehlabathi yezi mveliso iye yakhokelela ekwandeni komhlaba wokulima, nto leyo echaphazela indalo yaseAmazon ngokungaphephekiyo.
Ukujongana noku, izisombululo ziyakhuthazwa ezifana ulimo oluzinzileyo, efuna ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamahlathi kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithombo. Amanyathelo okuqinisekisa iimveliso ezingagawulwanga amahlathi nawo ayazuza, amele ithuba lokunciphisa ezi mpembelelo.
Kwelinye icala, iBrazil iye yamisela imithetho engqongqo ekhuthaza ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kwindawo ezonakeleyo ize izame ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezolimo.
Amathemba olondolozo lwexesha elizayo
Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela nemigudu yamazwe ngamazwe, ikamva leAmazon lisangaqiniseki. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kunokufikelela inqaku le-inflection apho i-ecosystem ingasayi kuphinda ikwazi ukuhlaziya, ukuyijika ibe yi-savanna. Ukuze kuphetshwe le meko, kungxamisekile ukuba amazwe aseAmazon aqhubeke eqinisa imigudu yawo yokunciphisa umlinganiselo wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi.
Eyona meko inethemba lexesha elide icinga ngeAmazon ekhuselweyo ngentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba okusebenzayo koluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Kodwa oku akufuni kuphela ukuthanda kwezopolitiko, kodwa notyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi ezizinzileyo kunye nokuzinikela ekunciphiseni imfuno yehlabathi yeemveliso ezichaphazela i-ecosystems yase-Amazon.
Njengoko kuthathwa amanyathelo aqatha, ilizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekayo kulondolozo lweAmazon kuya kufuneka lijamelane nemingeni engqalileyo ngokwemeko yalo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akuyongxaki yokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa ikwayenye yolawulo, ubulungisa kwezentlalo noqoqosho.
Ukugcinwa kwalo mphunga uhlaza uethe-ethe kusesisiseko sozinzo lwemozulu yehlabathi. Imigaqo-nkqubo yentsebenziswano, utyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye namanyathelo azinzileyo aya kuqhubeka engundoqo kule minyaka izayo ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kowona mthombo wethu wendalo uxabisekileyo.