Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i ukwanda kokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni eAmazon ibe ngumba obalulekileyo kwi-ajenda yehlabathi jikelele. Le yingxaki engachaphazeli nje kuphela intlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo, kodwa ikwabeka esichengeni intlalontle yoluntu lwemveli kwaye ingenza umlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu ube nzima. Amanani amatsha kurhulumente waseBrazil acebisa ukuba Ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni kuye kwachaphazela imithi emininzi ekwihlathi elinemvula laseAmazon kunokuba bekuqikelelwe ngaphambili.
Idatha yeSatellite evela kwiNational Institute for Space Research yaseBrazil (INPE) ibonisa ukuba, ukususela ngo-Agasti 2015 ukuya kuJuni 2016, batshatyalalisiwe. Iikhilomitha ezisisi-7.989 zehlathi. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo, xa yayiziikhilomitha ezingama-6.207, oku kubonisa ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Uqikelelo lwangoku lubonisa ukuba ukugawulwa kwemithi kuyaqhubeka ukwanda, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziphambili zeAmazon.
Ukwanda kokugawulwa kwamahlathi: ingxaki eyandayo
Oku kwanda kwama-29% ekutshatyalalisweni kwehlathi lemvula laseAmazon kuye kwabangela inkxalabo enkulu phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababandakanyekayo kulondolozo lwendalo. Nangona isekude kumanqanaba arekhodiweyo ngo-2004, xa phakathi kwe-23.103 kunye ne-24.398 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha zehlathi zagawulwa, ukunyuka okunyuka kubonisa ukuba akukho zimpawu zokuyeka.
Ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho eBrazil, okuqhutywa kukuwohloka okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwachaphazela iinzame zikarhulumente zokukhusela iAmazon. I-Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), i-arhente eyintloko ejongene nokubeka iliso kunye nokulwa nokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, ibone iimali zayo zincitshiswe ngama-30%, okukhokelela ekucupheni okumbalwa kunye nemisebenzi yokulawula ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni kwemithombo.
IBrazil ibingumzekelo wesenzo sikarhulumente kulondolozo lwehlathi elinemvula phakathi kwe-2004 kunye ne-2014. Ngaloo minyaka, uchungechunge lwamanyathelo lwaphunyezwa ukukhusela ihlathi, njengokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso yesathelayithi ukubona ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokudalwa kweendawo ezikhuselweyo. Noko ke, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni kuye kwaqhubeka kusanda kwiindawo ezisesichengeni.
Ukubaluleka kweAmazon kwindalo eyohlukeneyo yehlabathi
IAmazon idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ithatha phantse 2.000 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zecarbon dioxide nyaka ngamnye. Ngaphaya koko, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-50% yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo zemithi yehlabathi zizonke zifumaneka kweli hlathi. Impembelelo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ayichaphazeli kuphela umjikelo wendalo we-carbon dioxide, kodwa ibeka abanye abantu engozini enkulu. 180 uluntu lwemveli abaxhomekeke emahlathini ukuze baziphilise.
Amanyathelo okunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nawo angundoqo ekuzibopheleleni kweBrazil Izivumelwano zaseParis. Phezu kwayo nje imigudu eyenziwayo, ukudodobala kwamaziko karhulumente ajongene nokubeka esweni nokulawula la mahlathi kuye kwaphumela kumlinganiselo owothusayo wokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni.
Indima yoluntu lwemveli
Intsebenziswano nabantu bomthonyama ibisoloko ibalulekile kumlo ochasene nokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni. Imihlaba emininzi elawulwa lolu luntu ilondolozwa ngcono kunemimandla elawulwa ngurhulumente. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiWorld Resources Institute (WRI) lubonise ukuba imihlaba yemveli igawulwa ngokucotha kabini ukuya kathathu kunemihlaba engeyiyo eyomthonyama.
Izizwe ezifana neKayapo, ngokomzekelo, baye bakwazi ukukhusela imihlaba yabo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Ukutshintshana, urhulumente uye waseka izivumelwano nolu luntu ukubavumela ukuba baqhubeke nokuphila ngomhlaba wabo ngokuzinzileyo, bekhusela okusingqongileyo kwinkqubo.
Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nemidla yezemigodi iye yanda kolu luntu, ingakumbi kwiimeko zeengxaki zoqoqosho kunye nokungabikho kolawulo lukarhulumente.
Impembelelo yokudodobala koqoqosho ekugawulweni kwamahlathi
Ukunqunyulwa kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-IBAMA akucuthanga nje kuphela inani lemisebenzi yolawulo e-Amazon, kodwa kuthintele nenani labasebenzi abakhoyo ukuze benze uhlolo lwasemhlabeni. Ukongezelela koku kukwanda kogonyamelo kulo mmandla, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo aye asebenzisa eli thuba lokungabikho kweliso ukuze andise imisebenzi yawo.
Ezi Amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanyeka kwizinto ezifana nokumba imigodi ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokutyalwa kwecoca, ezikwanxulunyaniswa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba la maqela aye alawula imimandla emikhulu yaseAmazon, esebenzisa eli thuba lokungabikho kukarhulumente ukuze anyanzelise izenzo zawo ezingekho mthethweni.
Ubukho bokuthengiswa kweziyobisi kunye nokwembiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni
Ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi kuye kwaba yeyona nto iphambili ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kumazwe afana nePeru neColombia. Imifanekiso yesathelayithi ibonise ukwanda okothusayo kweendawo zeenqwelo-moya ezifihlakeleyo kwiindawo zoovimba bomthonyama, njengeKakataibo Reserve ePeru. Le mizila inezityalo zecoca, yaye imithi iyagawulwa ukuze kufakwe amaziko okulungisa izinto atshabalalisa yonke indalo.
EColombia, malunga ne-70% yemigodi ayikho mthethweni, kwaye phantse ipesenti efanayo iyahambelana nemisebenzi efudukela kwimimandla yaseAmazon. Ngaphandle kokungenelela ngokufanelekileyo kwabasemagunyeni, imihlaba eyayifudula iyindawo yokusabela yendalo yaseAmazon aqwengwa kurhwebo olungekho mthethweni olunganikeli ngqalelo impembelelo yemekobume.
Imililo yamahlathi: omnye umngeni omkhulu eAmazon
Ngo-2023, ngaphezulu 34.000 imililo yamahlathi eAmazon, nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda okungaphezulu kwe-150% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo. Le mililo, ubukhulu becala ebangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, iyenza mandundu ngakumbi ilahleko yezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo yaye ikhawulezisa inkqubo yokukhula kwamahlathi.
Into yakutshanje ye El Niño iye yayenza mandundu imeko, ekubeni iye yavelisa amaxesha embalela ende eyenze ukuba ukubonakala kwemililo kube nokwenzeka ngakumbi. Uluntu oluhlala kwindawo yaseAmazon luchatshazelwe kukunqongophala kwamanzi, ukutya kunye nezixhobo ezisisiseko.
Le meko inzima ngakumbi kuba imililo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo ayibangeli ilahleko yemithi nje kuphela, kodwa ibangela ukuba ukubola okukhulu kwebhayomass, ekhupha izixa ezikhulu zekhabhoni emoyeni kwaye inegalelo ekukhawuleziseni utshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi.
Izazinzulu zilumkisa ngelithi, ukuba akumiselwanga ulawulo olusebenzayo lokuthintela le mililo, iAmazon inokuba kufutshane nendawo indawo yokungabuyi, apho i-ecosystem iya kuwa kwaye ibe yi-savanna, ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okufunxa i-carbon kunye neempawu zayo njengentliziyo eluhlaza yeplanethi.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi eAmazon kusaqhubeka kuyingxaki echaphazela kungekuphela nje izinto eziphilayo zaloo mmandla, kodwa nemozulu yehlabathi. Izenzo zikaRhulumente, ukubandakanyeka koluntu kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni amazinga okutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ngoku ukuba aqhubeke nokunyuka. Ukugcinwa kwehlathi leAmazon, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yinto ephambili engxamisekileyo kwikamva lesijikelezi-langa sethu.