Ukunqongophala kwamanzi kwimigxobhozo yaseSpain kubangele ukukhutshwa iigesi zegreenhouse. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zonyaka, icandelo lombane likhuphe i-41,2 yezigidi zeetoni zeCO2 kwi-atmosfera, i-17,2 yezigidi ngaphezu kwexesha elifanayo ngo-2016. Eli nani lothusayo libonisa indlela imbalela echaphazela ngayo unikezelo lwamanzi kuphela, kodwa inefuthe elithe ngqo lokusingqongileyo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuveliswa kombane, imveliso yombane owenziwe ngamanzi (umthombo wamandla acocekileyo ongena gesi yegreenhouse) yehle ngaphezu kwe-51%, kwaye indawo yayo ithe yafakwa ubukhulu becala ngamalahle (ama-72% asetyenziswa ngaphezulu) kunye negesi (ukwanda ngama-30%). Oku kuhla kwemveliso yamandla acocekileyo kudityaniswa ne oovimba abambalwa kumadama, abonisa umfanekiso ombi kakhulu wokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngo-2017.
Indima yeegesi ze-greenhouse kwintlekele yemozulu
Phakathi kwezo ikakhulu uxanduva lokutshintsha kwemozulu ziigesi ze-greenhouse, kunye ne CO2 entloko. Ukwanda kokukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kubangelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kusetyenziso olukhulu lwamafutha efosili afana namalahle nerhasi, athomalalisa ukuhla kwemithombo yamandla ecocekileyo efana nehydraulic okanye amandla omoya.
Ngokwedatha evela kwi-Red Eléctrica de España (REE), ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulo nyaka, ukusetyenziswa kombane kuphantse kwafana nolonyaka odlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yongcoliseko kubangele ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokukhutshwa kweCO.2. Enyanisweni, ukuveliswa kombane kuye kwaba noxanduva malunga ne-20% yokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse iyonke yelizwe.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wale ngxaki wenzeke ngo-2015, xa ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamalahle okuvelisa umbane kwakujongene nokukhutshwa kwe-CO yehlabathi jikelele.2 eSpain inyuke nge-3,2% xa kuthelekiswa no-2014. Kwelinye icala, ngo-2016 imeko yaphucuka ngenxa yokwanda kwemvula kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-3,5% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo.
Oovimba bamanzi kunye neempembelelo zabo ekwenziweni kombane
Ukuqonda ubukhulu bengxaki ngo-2017, kubalulekile ukuhlalutya imeko yokugcinwa kwamanzi. ISpain ingene ngo-2017 ngowona vimba uphantsi ukusukela ngo-1995, kwaye ukungabikho kwemvula kuye kwayenza mandundu imeko unyaka wonke. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, amadama alungiselelwe ukuveliswa kombane ayenoovimba bolwazi olwaneleyo ukuze avelise iigigawathi ezingama-7.927 ngeyure (GWh), ngama-61% ngaphantsi kwaloo nyanga inye kunyaka ophelileyo kunye nama-64,6% ngaphantsi komndilili weminyaka elishumi edlulileyo.
Xa kuthelekiswa ixabiso langoku lamanzi amadama kunye neminyaka edlulileyo, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba i-2017 yenye yezona zinto zibi kakhulu kwimvula kwixesha elide. Le meko ayichaphazeli kuphela umthamo wokuvelisa umbane, kodwa ikwamele umngeni omkhulu kwezolimo kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi okusela kwimimandla emininzi yelizwe.
Impembelelo kwicandelo lombane kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalahle
Ngokuchasene nale meko, ukuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kuye kwachatshazelwa ikakhulu kukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamalahle negesi. Izityalo ezitshisayo ezitshisa la mafutha efosili ziye zandisa imveliso yazo yombane ngama-71,9% phakathi kukaJanuwari noJulayi 2017, kwaye izityalo zomjikelo ezidityanisiweyo zibone ukwanda kwe-30,4% kwangelo xesha linye.
Oku kwanda kokusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuye kwaba nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo. Amalahle lelinye lawona mafutha efosili angcolisekileyo, kwaye ukutshiswa kwawo kukhupha isixa esikhulu seCO.2 kunye nezinye iigesi eziyingozi emoyeni. Ngokutsho kwengxelo ye-Arhente ye-Environment yaseYurophu, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse yelizwe kwi-2016 yehla nge-3,5%, kodwa kukho ukwesaba ukuba le nkqubela iya kuguqulwa ngo-2017 ngenxa yokwanda kokuxhomekeka kwamalahle.
Impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwikamva lamandla eSpain
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangele ukunciphisa okukhulu kwimvula yexesha elide kwimimandla ebalulekileyo yaseSpain. Oku akuchaphazeli nje kuphela ukubakho kwamanzi kwezolimo kunye nokubonelelwa kwabantu, kodwa kukwacela umngeni kubuchule belizwe bokuvelisa amandla acocekileyo. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba ukuba iimeko zangoku ziyaqhubeka, inqanaba lamanzi agciniweyo liya kuqhubeka ukuhla, okukhokelela ekuxhomekekeni ngakumbi kwimithombo yamandla angcolisekileyo, okwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana neethagethi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-2030 kunye ne-2050.
Ngaphaya koko, ubukho betropikhi kwezinye i-ikhosistim, njengoko kubonisiwe yingxelo ye-National Geographic, kuchaphazela i-biodiversity yendawo kunye neenkqubo zamandla. Izityalo ezisebenza ngamanzi, ingakumbi ezisesichengeni sokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi, zinokubona umthamo wazo wemveliso uncitshiswa njengoko imo yezulu isiya isiba mandundu.
Kulo mxholo, ukufakelwa kwezityalo ezitsha ezivuselelekayo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kumalahle nakwirhasi, ezinganyusi nje kuphela ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse, kodwa zikwanegalelo ekuguqukeni ekubeni yintlango kweminye imimandla yelizwe.
Ekugqibeleni, uluntu lwezenzululwazi lulumkisa ukuba, ukuba amanyathelo angxamisekileyo awathathwanga, ububhakabhaka kunye nobuntlango kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu amacandelo acwangcisiweyo afana nezolimo kunye nokhenketho, ngaphezu kokunciphisa imithombo yamanzi ekhoyo. Utshintsho lwemozulu alubonisi kuphela umngeni wokusingqongileyo, kodwa kunye nomngeni wezoqoqosho eSpeyin, oya kubona ukuhla kwe-GDP yayo ukuba iziqephu zesomiso kunye namaza okushisa ashushu ziba rhoqo kwaye zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ingxaki yemozulu ayiyongxaki yokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa ikwachaphazela ngqo uqoqosho nobomi babantu bemihla ngemihla. Ukuncipha kwemvula, ukuncipha koovimba bamanzi kunye nokuxhomekeka okukhulu kwimithombo yamandla angcolisekileyo kusiqhubela kwikamva elingaqinisekanga ngakumbi, apho izisombululo ziya kubandakanya ngokungathintelekiyo utshintsho lwamandla kunye nokuncipha okubonakalayo kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.