Impembelelo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma: ungcoliseko lomoya, umhlaba namanzi

Indlela yokucocwa kwenkunkuma isaqhubeka ingumba osalindileyo kwizixeko ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kwezona ndawo zinabantu abaninzi ngenxa umthamo omkhulu wenkunkuma eziveliswa ngabemi bayo. Ukungabikho kolawulo olufanelekileyo lwenkunkuma kubangele ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo ibe yingxaki enkulu kakhulu yokusingqongileyo.

Iindidi zenkunkuma

Inkunkuma ihlelwa ngokwamaqela amathathu amakhulu, ngalinye lineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo:

• Izinto eziphilayo: ibandakanya inkunkuma yebhayoloji efana namaxolo eziqhamo nemifuno, amaqhekeza okutya, iphepha namalaphu endalo afana nesilika okanye umqhaphu. Ngaba inkunkuma enokubola kwaye zibola ngokwendalo, kwaye zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe njenge-compost okanye isichumiso.
• Ezingaqhelekanga: yenziwe ngeeminerali kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa ezifana nentsimbi, iglasi kunye neplastiki. Zezi inkunkuma engaboliyo, kwaye nangona ezininzi zazo (ezifana neglasi okanye isinyithi) zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ukuthotywa kwazo okucothayo kuzenza zibe yingxaki ehlala ixesha elide yokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwezona ziyingozi kakhulu inkunkuma ye-elektroniki.
• Ucoceko: inkunkuma ebandakanya iimveliso zonyango, ezifana ne-gauze, i-bandages, iipads ze-sanitary kunye ne-diapers ezilahlayo. Ezi ziyingxaki ngakumbi ngenxa yokuqokelelana kwazo ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma kunye nomthamo wazo ophantsi wokurisayikilishwa.

inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo Zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe ukuvelisa isichumiso sezityalo, ngelixa uninzi lwenkunkuma ephilayo iphinda isetyenziswe (nangona ingekho ngaphandle kobunzima). inkunkuma yococeko Nangona kunjalo, yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo kwiingcali zokusingqongileyo, kuba idla ngokubandakanya izinto ezithathwa njengezona ziyingozi.

Ngemigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo yoluntu kunye nokuqonda okukhulu kwabemi malunga nesidingo sokuhlela ngokuchanekileyo nokulawula inkunkuma, inxalenye yengxaki yokusingqongileyo ingasonjululwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku kusekude ekubeni yinyani kwimimandla emininzi.

Unyango lwe inkunkuma enokuphinda isetyenziswe ivelisa izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokuncitshiswa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo ethi iphelele kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye ukuveliswa komgquba ophuma kwinkunkuma ephilayo.

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo kungcolisa umoya, umhlaba kunye namanzi

Enye yeengxaki eziphambili eziveliswa zizo zonke iintlobo zenkunkuma kukudluliselwa kwayo kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, apho imixube engakhethiyo yenkunkuma ephilayo, engaphiliyo kunye neyococeko ibangela iziphumo ezibi emoyeni, emhlabeni nasemanzini. Kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, inkunkuma iyabola, ivelisa Iigesi ezingcolisayo, ngelixa iplastiki kunye nenye inkunkuma engabonakaliyo inokuhlala amakhulu eminyaka ngaphandle kokubola.

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokungenamkhethe kubangela ukungcoliseka kweendawo ezintathu eziphambili zokusingqongileyo:

• Umoya: Ukubola kwenkunkuma kuvelisa iigesi ezinetyhefu ezingcolisa umoya, ezichaphazela umgangatho wobomi kwiindawo ezikufutshane neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma.
• Umgangatho: Inkunkuma, ingakumbi iiplastiki nezinto ezingaphiliyo, ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchuma komhlaba, ithoba isidima sawo sokuxhasa ubomi bezityalo.
• Amanzi: Imvula inokurhuqa izinto ezingcolisa inkunkuma ukusuka kwinkunkuma ukuya kwimithombo yamanzi ekufutshane, echaphazela imithombo engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nangaphezulu, ngaphezu kokuguqula ibhalansi yendalo yasemanzini.

Ubukho benkunkuma yeplastiki kwiilwandlekazi nasemilanjeni yingxaki ebonakalayo, evelisa iziqithi ezinkulu zeplastiki edada emanzini njengesiqithi esidumileyo "seplastiki" kwiPasifiki, esigubungela i-1.4 yesigidi seekhilomitha.

Ungcoliseko lomoya ukusuka kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma

Phakathi kweegesi ezikhutshwe emoyeni ngexesha lokubola kwenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo Imethane (CH4), i Nitrous oxide (N2O) kunye ICarbon Dioxide (CO2). Ezi gesi ziyingozi kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-CO2 iyakwazi ukuhlala kwi-atmosfera iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500, inegalelo elikhulu kutshintsha kwe mozulu.

IMethane yenye yezona zinto zinegalelo kwimpembelelo yegreenhouse kwaye ikwanempembelelo enkulu kuneCO2 kwixesha elifutshane. Ezi gesi zibamba ubushushu esibhakabhakeni, zikhulisa ubushushu behlabathi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokoqikelelo lwezenzululwazi, ukuba ukuveliswa kweegesi zegreenhouse akuncitshiswanga kakhulu, amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi anokwenyuka phakathi kwe-1,5ºC kunye ne-5,5ºC kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Ukongeza kwimiphumo ye-greenhouse gases, ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma kwakhona kuvelisa amaqhekeza amisiweyo achaphazela umgangatho womoya kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Oku kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu, kubangele ukwanda kwezifo zokuphefumla kunye ne-cardiovascular, ngakumbi kubantu abakufutshane neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezisebenzayo okanye ezingekho mthethweni.

Ungcoliseko lwamanzi ngenxa yolawulo olulambathayo

Amanzi sesinye semithombo yobutyebi echatshazelwa kakhulu lulawulo olungonelanga lwenkunkuma. Ungcoliseko lwamanzi alupheleli nje ngokulahlwa ngokuthe ngqo kwenkunkuma emilanjeni naselwandle, kodwa nangokuhluzwa kwezinto eziyityhefu ezisuka kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma emhlabeni. Ezi zinto ziquka isinyithi esinzima, i-leachates kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziguqula ngokuphawulekayo umgangatho wamanzi.

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokungcoliseka kwamanzi kukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma ephilayo kunye ne-inorganic ebolayo, ikhulule. ivuza ezigqobhozela kumhlaba ongaphantsi. Ezi nkunkuma zithutha ityhefu kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi ukuya kumaleko wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, zingcolisa i-aquifer edla ngokuba yimithombo yamanzi okusela kwizixeko ezininzi. Ukuba amanzi angcolisekileyo avuza emanzini amakhulu, anjengemilambo okanye amachibi, impembelelo inokuba yingozi kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kunye noluntu oluxhomekeke kuloo manzi ngokusela, ukunkcenkceshela okanye ukuloba.

Izinto zekhemikhali eziphuma kwiplastiki, izichumisi kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa amashishini kunye nezolimo, ezifana ne-ammonia kunye ne-methane, nazo zichaphazela iinkqubo zebhayoloji ngaphakathi kwamanzi, ezibangela ukufa kweentlobo zasemanzini kunye nokuguqula amakhonkco okutya endalo.

Ukonakaliswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngomnye weyona mpembelelo iphambili yolu ngcoliseko. Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zinokuchaphazeleka kakhulu, ziqhuba umngcipheko wokutshabalala kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ngesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuseka iindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ubungakanani benkunkuma efikelela kwimithombo yethu yamanzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ulawulo lwayo oluchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo kwi-ikhosistim yethu yasemanzini kunye, ngoko ke, nokuphila komntu.

Ukucocwa ngokufanelekileyo kwenkunkuma yamanzi, kunye neendlela ezizinzileyo zolawulo lwendawo yokulahla inkunkuma, kunokunciphisa ezi ngxaki kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, esona sisombululo sisebenzayo sihlala siluthintelo longcoliseko ngokunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokuphumeza izicwangciso zokusebenzisa ngokutsha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Ingxaki yenkunkuma ikumhlaba jikelele kwaye impembelelo yayo ayiphelelanga emoyeni, emanzini okanye kungcoliseko lomhlaba. Iziphumo ziquka ilahleko yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuthotywa kwembonakalo-mhlaba yendalo. Nangona ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokwenza umgquba kuphuculwe, ekuphela kwesisombululo sexesha elide sisekuncitshisweni kokwenziwa kwenkunkuma.