Amandla enyukliya ngokwembali ebesembindini wengxoxo malunga nekamva lamandla ehlabathi. Njengoko uluntu lufuna imithombo ecocekileyo, ekhuselekileyo, nezinzileyo ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zabo ezikhulayo zamandla, uphando kubuchwepheshe obutsha benyukliya luya lubaluleka. Akunjalo kuphela iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezisebenzisa i-uranium ezifundwayo, kodwa kunye nezinye iindlela ezifana ne-thorium, ezineempawu zazo kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa umdla okhulayo.
Kule migca ilandelayo, siyakumema ukuba uzintywilisele kumbono ocacileyo nohlaziyiweyo weentlobo zamandla enyukliya, iimpawu zobuchwephesha zento nganye, indima evelayo yethorium njengenye isibaso, kunye nenkqubela phambili enkulu yobuchwepheshe kunye nethiyori enokuthi ivule indlela yamandla eathom kwixesha elizayo. Olu lwazi ludibanisa olona lwazi lufanelekileyo lwangoku, ukudibanisa idatha evela kwimithombo emininzi ekhethekileyo kunye nedumileyo, kwaye ikwenza oko ngendlela ecacileyo, yendalo elungelelaniswe nelizwe elithetha iSpanish.
Yintoni amandla enyukliya kwaye enziwa njani?
Amandla enyukliya ngamandla agcinwe kwinucleus yeeathom., isixa esikhulu samandla esinokukhutshwa ngokusabela kwenyukliya. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuyibopha: i-fission kunye nokudibanisa. Nangona ukudibanisa kuyinkqubo enika amandla iLanga, namhlanje iteknoloji yorhwebo isekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-fusion. Ukulwa kwenyukliya.
Kwi-fission, i-nucleus ye-athomu enzima efana ne-uranium okanye i-plutonium iyahlukana ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci xa ihlaselwa yi-neutron. Oku kuqhekeka akuvelisi nje iinuclei ezikhaphukhaphu kuphela: kukhupha neeneutron ezongezelelweyo kunye nesixa esikhulu samandla ngohlobo lobushushu kunye nemitha.
Obu bushushu busetyenziselwa velisa umphunga eqhuba iiiturbines, ezivelisa umbane kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya. Inkqubo i ifana nesixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo sobushushu, nangona umthombo wobushushu owahlukileyo.
Iintlobo eziphambili zezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nobuchwepheshe
Ishishini lenyukliya liphuhlise iintlobo ngeentlobo zetekhnoloji kunye neentlobo ze-reactor kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Apha ngezantsi siphonononga, ngokweenkcukacha, ezona zifanelekileyo, kokubini kusetyenziso lwangoku nakwimeko yovavanyo okanye ithiyori:
- IiReactor zaManzi aKhalayo (PWR kunye ne-BWR): Zezona zixhaphakileyo ehlabathini, zisebenzisa amanzi aqhelekileyo njengesipholisi kunye nemodareyitha yeeneutron. Iireactors zamanzi ezicinezelekileyo (PWR) kunye ne-boiling water reactors (BWR) zikholisa ukusebenzisa iuranium etyetyisiweyo.
- IiReactor zaManzi aManzi (PHWR): Kwezi, amanzi anzima (deuterium oxide) isebenza njengemodareyitha kunye nesipholisi. Bavumela ukusetyenziswa kwe I-uranium yendalo okanye i-thorium-containing fuel, ezenza zibe lukhetho olukhethekileyo kumazwe anokunqongophala kokufumaneka kweuranium etyetyisiweyo.
- Ubushushu obuphezulu beReactors zerhasi (HTR): Basebenzisa igesi, efana ne-helium, njengento yokupholisa kwaye ivumela ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Bathanda ukusetyenziswa ezinye amafutha, ezifana thorium, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko.
- IiReactor zeNeutron ezikhawulezayo (FNR): Basebenzisa iineutron ezikhawulezayo kwaye banokusebenzisa zombini iuranium kunye neplutonium, ngelixa bevumela ukuguqulwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwamafutha.
- IiReactor zeTyuwa ezinyibilikileyo (MSR): Itekhnoloji esele ikwinqanaba lophuhliso, apho isibaso senyukliya inyibilika kwityuwa enyibilikisiweyo, kube lula ukusetyenziswa i-thorium kunye nezinye izinto ezichumileyo.
- I-Accelerator-driven reactors (ADS): Ingqikelelo yoguqulo kunye nesazamayo apho umqa weproton oveliswa yi-accelerator uvelisa i-neutron ezigcina ukusabela kwi-matrix engaphantsi kwe-thorium okanye i-uranium.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-reactor lunoncedo lwalo, imingeni, kunye nezicelo ezithile. Iinkqubo zangoku zijolise kukhuseleko, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, kunye nokucuthwa kwenkunkuma eqhuma ngemitha, ngelixa uyilo lokulinga luphakamisa izisombululo zekamva elicocekileyo nelikhuselekileyo lamandla.
Umjikelo wamafutha enyukliya: ukusuka emigodini ukuya kwinkunkuma
Umjikelo wamafutha enyukliya uqala ngokutsalwa kwezimbiwa kwindalo., ngokuqhelekileyo i-uranium, nangona i-thorium ivela njengenye indlela ethembisayo.
Kwimeko ye-uranium, kuyimfuneko ukutyebisa i-isotope ye-U-235, kuba iquka kuphela i-0,7% ye-uranium yendalo kwaye inoxanduva lokugcina i-chain reaction. Inkqubo ibandakanya amanqanaba aliqela: ukomba imigodi, uguqulo, ukutyebisa, ukwenziwa kwamafutha, ukusetyenziswa kwereactor, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha ukuze kusetyenziswe izinto eziluncedo.
Kwiimeko apho i-thorium isetyenziswe njengamafutha, inkqubo iyahluka. I-Thorium 232 ayinakuqhekeka ngokwayo, kodwa xa ibamba i-neutron, iguqulwa ngoluhlu lokubola kwi-uranium 233 (U-233), ekwazi ukuhlanjululwa kwaye inokugcina ukusabela kwenyukliya. Olu tshintsho lubandakanya imingeni yobugcisa, kodwa lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngokuzinza kunye nenkunkuma.
Unyango nokugcinwa kwenkunkuma kuseyeyona mingeni mikhulu yeenqobo ezisesikweni, yobugcisa, kunye nezentlalo kumandla enyukliya. Nge-uranium kunye ne-plutonium, inkunkuma ihlala inobungozi kwiwaka leminyaka, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezinto ezichumileyo ezifana ne-thorium kunokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha apho inkunkuma iya kuhlala kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lengozi.
Amandla e-thorium: amandla enyukliya kwixesha elizayo?
Ithorium yikhemikhali eyafunyanwa ngo-1828, ininzi kakhulu kumhlaba ongaphezulu kune-uranium. kunye neepropati eziyinika uncedo olukhulu kumafutha enukliya aqhelekileyo. Ifumaneka ngokuyintloko kwi-monazite, iminerali yomhlaba enqabileyo, kwaye ayifuni ukutyeba ukuze isetyenziswe, njengoko ikhona kuphela kwindalo njenge-thorium-232.
Kwimeko yayo ecocekileyo, i-thorium inesiqingatha sobomi malunga ne-14.000 yezigidigidi zeminyaka, okwenza ukuba izinze kakhulu kwaye iphantsi kwi-radioactivity xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezisebenzayo. Ngaphaya koko, i-thorium oxide inendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kakhulu, malunga ne-3350 ° C, kunye ne-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo, iyenza ilungele izicelo ezifuna ukumelana nobushushu.
I-Thorium ithathwa njengento echumileyo, hayi i-fissile ngokuthe ngqo kwi-reactors ye-thermal, kodwa ikwazi ukuhlukana xa iguqulwa ibe yi-uranium 233., imathiriyeli ebalaseleyo enokuqhekeka. Oku kubalulekile kwisizukulwana esilandelayo sezixhobo zombane kunye nemifuniselo ephambili yamafutha.
Iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwethorium zokuvelisa amandla enyukliya ziquka:
- Ukongezwa kwimijikelo ye-uranium, ehambelana neereactor ezikhoyo.
- Ukuncedisa umjikelo weuranium ngeplutonium, ukubonelela ngeenzuzo ekunciphiseni inkunkuma.
- Gqibezela ukutshintshwa komjikelezo weuranium, usebenzisa kuphela i-thorium kunye ne-U-233 ehlaziyiweyo.
Isitshixo kuzo zonke ezi meko kukufumana a ibhalansi ye-neutron eyaneleyo, ukuze i-neutron ibanjwe yi-thorium ivumela ukuveliswa kwe-U-233 eyaneleyo ukugcina ukusabela kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa amafutha.
Izinto ezilungileyo ze-thorium ngaphezu kwe-uranium kumandla enyukliya
Iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-thorium njengamafutha enyukliya zenze umdla wamazwe ngamazwe ohlaziyiweyo., ngakumbi kumazwe anogcino oluninzi lwale elementi kunye nokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwiuranium.
Phakathi kweenzuzo zayo eziphambili zezi:
- Ubuninzi: Kukho i-thorium ephindwe kathathu ukuya kwezine ngaphezulu kwe-uranium kuqweqwe loMhlaba. Oku kufumaneka kwenza kube nomtsalane ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yamandla yexesha elizayo.
- Akukho zityebi ezifunekayo: Yonke i-thorium egayiweyo inokusetyenziswa njengezinto ezityebileyo, ukwenza lula umjikelezo wamafutha kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yokwanda.
- Ukunciphisa inkunkuma: Inkunkuma ye-radioactive eveliswa yi-thorium ubukhulu becala iphila ixesha elifutshane kakhulu (malunga ne-200-400 yeminyaka yokusebenza kwe-radioactive eyingozi) kunenkunkuma yangoku ye-uranium, ehlala iyingozi kwiwaka leminyaka.
- Ikhuselekile kwiingozi: I-Thorium's melting point iphezulu kakhulu kune-uranium, inika imida eyongezelelweyo yokhuseleko xa kwenzeka ingozi.
- Ubunzima bokuphazamiseka komkhosi: Umjikelo we-thorium uphinde uvelise i-U-232, i-gamma emitter enamandla eyenza ukuba izinto eziveliswayo zibe nzima ukuphatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yempi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-thorium kunokubonisa utshintsho lweparadigm kumandla enyukliya.: esebenza kakuhle, engenabungozi kwaye enentlonipho kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Imingeni, imida kunye nemiqobo yobugcisa ye-thorium
Nangona kunjalo, akusiyo yonke into eyinzuzo ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yenyukliya esekelwe kwi-thorium. Nangona isithembiso kunye nentshiseko, kukho imingeni ebalulekileyo yokunqoba ngaphambi kokuba i-thorium ibe ngumqhubi okhuphisanayo, urhwebo kwizinga elikhulu.
Ezinye zezinto ezingeloncedo kunye nemiqobo echongiweyo kwizifundo zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namava ngala:
- Ukungavuthwa ngokwaneleyo kwezobuchwephesha: Kuze kube ngoku, iteknoloji ye-thorium ayizange iphumelele zonke izigaba zokuvavanya kunye nemfundo efunekayo ekuphunyezweni kwezorhwebo. Uhlahlelo oluninzi, iilayisensi, kunye norhulumente onamandla kunye nenkxaso yomtyali-mali zisafuneka.
- Iindleko zophuhliso nemveliso: Ukuveliswa kunye nenkqubo yokuhlaziya i-thorium fuels okwangoku ibiza kakhulu kune-uranium, nangona iindleko zingancitshiswa njengoko iteknoloji ikhula.
- Ukunqongophala kwenkuthazo yorhwebo: Ekubeni i-uranium ininzi kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi, amazwe kunye neenkampani zifumene inkuthazo encinci yokutyala imali kubuchwepheshe obutsha, obulondoloza izixhobo xa igalelo eliphambili linganqongophala.
- Ukuntsonkotha kulawulo nakulawulo: Utshintsho olusuka kwi-thorium ukuya kwi-U-233 lufuna ukulawulwa ngokucophelela kwe-reactivity kunye nemiba yemveliso yokubola ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-reactor kunye nokuvalwa.
- Iingxaki zembali nezopolitiko: Inxalenye yophuhliso olulinganiselweyo lweteknoloji ye-thorium ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kungenxa yezigqibo zobuchule ezenziwe ngokuxhasa iplutonium, ngenxa yokuba luncedo kwayo kwizixhobo zenyukliya emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Nangona le mingeni ingenazo izisombululo ezicetywayo, ukutshintshela kwintengiso kunye nokusasazwa ngobuninzi bamandla enyukliya asekwe kwi-thorium ekugqibeleni kuya kuxhomekeka kwintando yezopolitiko, utyalo-mali oluzinzileyo, kunye nesisombululo semingeni evulekileyo yenzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa.
Iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe, uphando kunye nezicelo kunye ne-thorium
Amazwe amaninzi abonise umdla kunye namava ekuphandeni nasekuvavanyeni imijikelo yamafutha ase-thorium., ngakumbi abo banogcino olukhulu okanye ukufikelela okuncinci kwiuranium.
Indiya Le yimeko yeparadigmatic: inovimba omkhulu we-thorium, kodwa ukunqongophala kwe-uranium, yiyo loo nto idibanise uphuhliso lobu buchwepheshe kumbindi wenkqubo yenyukliya yesizwe. Isicwangciso sayo silandela oko kubizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo yamanqanaba amathathu," ukudibanisa iiactors zamanzi anzima, i-neutron reactors ekhawulezayo, kunye neereactor zamanzi ezinzima.
ENorwayI-Thor Energy iqhube iimvavanyo kwii-reactors ezikhoyo zisebenzisa i-thorium-based fuels, kunye ne-uranium kunye ne-plutonium, ebonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kobugcisa bengcamango.
ITshayina, iKhanada, iJamani, iNetherlands, iUnited Kingdom, iRashiya, iBrazil neUnited States nazo ziye zaqhuba imiboniso yovavanyo kunye neeprototypes ye-thorium reactors kunye namafutha, kubandakanywa i-reactors yetyuwa etyhidiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezixubileyo.
Iziqhamo zolu vavanyo ziye zatyhila zombini amandla akhoyo kunye nobuthathaka be-thorium, ukubeka isiseko sophuhliso olongezelelweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso emikhulu kwixesha elizayo.
Iireactors zetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo: umviwa ogqibeleleyo we-thorium
Phakathi kweetekhnoloji ezinxulumene ne-thorium, i-reactor yetyuwa etyhidiweyo (MSR) ivelele ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwayo. Kulolu hlobo lwe-reactor, i-fuel ikwimeko yolwelo, inyibilikiswe kumxube weetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo. Ivumela ukushisa okuphezulu ukuba kufikelelwe kwiingcinezelo eziphantsi, ezinciphisa iingozi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal.
Umjikelo wamafutha etyuwa onyibilikisiweyo uya kuququzelela ukulayishwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokothula kwamafutha, ukususwa kweemveliso ze-fission, kunye nokufakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwe-thorium, ukwandisa "ukuveliswa kwakhona" kwe-U-233 kwaye, ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi.
Iiprojekthi ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe zijolise kwi-R&D&I yazo kwiireactor ze-MSR., ngobunkokeli obukhethekileyo obuvela eChina naseRashiya, kunye nenkxaso yamaziko aseYurophu naseMelika kunye neenkampani.
Nangona ukusasazwa korhwebo kulindeleke ukuba kuthathe amashumi eminyaka aliqela, ireactor yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo ibonakala iyeyona nkqubela phambili yethiyori kunye nethekhinoloji ethembisayo kwi-horizon yehlabathi yenyukliya.
Iingcamango ezintsha: ii-reactors eziqhutywa yi-accelerator kunye nekamva leenkqubo ze-hybrid
Ngaphaya kwee-reactors eziqhelekileyo, uphuhliso lwe-accelerator-driven reactors (ADS) luvula iindlela ezintsha zamandla enyukliya akhuselekileyo nabhetyebhetye. Kule nkqubo, i-particle accelerator yenza i-beam yeeprotons ezithi, xa zichaphazela ithagethi enzima, zivelise ishawa ye-neutron nge-phenomenon of spallation.
Ezi neutron zisetyenziselwa ukuphembelela i-fission kwi-"subcritical" matrix ye-thorium okanye i-uranium, oku kuthetha ukuba umntu ongenako ukugcina i-chain reaction yedwa ngaphandle kwegalelo langaphandle kwi-accelerator.
Inzuzo ephambili yezi nkqubo lulawulo lwazo olukhulu kunye nokhuseleko: Ukucima nje i-accelerator kwanele ukumisa ngoko nangoko ukusabela, ukuphelisa umngcipheko weengozi ezifana nezo zaseFukushima okanye eChernobyl. Ukongeza, bavumela ukuhanjiswa kwenkunkuma ehlala ixesha elide.
Ingqikelelo isekwinqanaba lovavanyo, kodwa iiprojekthi ezifana ne-EMMA e-United Kingdom kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ziyisondeza kubunyani bobugcisa nezoqoqosho.
Amathandabuzo kunye neengxoxo zentlalo malunga namandla enyukliya kunye ne-thorium
Ingxoxo malunga nekamva lamandla enyukliya kunye nendima ye-thorium ikude kumxhelo. Abaxhasi bemeko-bume bathi izibonelelo kunye neenzame ezinikelwe kuphando lwenyukliya ngebezijoliswe ekukhuthazeni imithombo ehlaziyekayo, engenabungozi benkunkuma kunye neengozi.
Ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba iteknoloji ye-thorium ethembisayo isajongene namashumi eminyaka yokucokisa ngaphambi kokuba ikhuphisane ngokwenene kwinqanaba lezoshishino., kwaye ukuxhomekeka kuyo kunokulibazisa amanyathelo angxamisekileyo ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu, nto leyo efuna izisombululo ezikhawulezileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, amandla okunciphisa inkunkuma yenyukliya, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwe-reactor, kunye nokuqinisekisa unikezelo lwexesha elide lwamandla acocekileyo kuthetha ukuba ukhetho lwe-thorium lunabaxhasi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kunye naphakathi kwamacandelo okusingqongileyo avuleleke kwingxoxo malunga neendlela ezintsha ezizezinye.
Ezikalini, Amandla enyukliya asekwe kwithorium avela njengendlela yokutshintsha okanye eyongezelelweyo. kwiinkqubo ezivuselelekayo, ezikwaziyo ukubonelela ngombane wesiseko okhutshwa kancinci ngelixa iteknoloji ehlaziyekayo iphuhliswa kwaye isasazwe ngobuninzi.
Amandla enyukliya kumanani: oovimba, amandla kunye ne-energy horizon
Ngokoqikelelo lwamva nje lwamazwe ngamazwe, oovimba behlabathi behlabathi be-thorium babadlula kude abo beuranium, abanediphozithi enkulu eIndiya, eOstreliya, eNorway naseBrazil. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Red Book" epapashwe yi-OECD kunye ne-International Atomic Energy Agency iqikelela izibonelelo ezaziwayo kunye neziqikelelwayo kwiitoni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6 kwihlabathi jikelele, ezinokugcina uluntu kwiinkulungwane ukuba iteknoloji ivumela.
Ngaphezu koko, i-thorium idla ngokufunyanwa njengemveliso yemigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo, inika inzuzo eyongezelelweyo yeqhinga kunye nezoqoqosho, ngakumbi kumxholo wokukhula kwemfuno yehlabathi yezinto zombane kunye namandla acocekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo kwaba vimba, kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo ezixubeneyo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma ephucukileyo, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezizwe ngezizwe wokunganandisi, kuvela njengemingeni emikhulu yexesha elizayo lenyukliya.
Uphuhliso kunye nokudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha benyukliya, ngogxininiso olukhethekileyo kwinkqubela phambili ye-thorium kunye nethiyori efana neenkqubo ezixubeneyo kunye nezixhobo zetyuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo, kunokuba nefuthe eliqinisekileyo kukhuseleko, uzinzo, kunye nokhuphiswano lwamandla eathom kwinkulungwane yama-21. Inyani yangoku ibonisa imeko egcwele amandla, kodwa kunye nemingeni yobugcisa kunye nentlalontle. Njengoko obu bugcisa bukhula kwaye bukhula, i-thorium inokusuka kwisithembiso ukuya kwinyani, ibe yinto ephambili ekutshintsheni ukuya kucoceko, ukhuseleko, kunye neenkqubo zamandla eziguquguqukayo ezihlangabezana neemfuno zeplanethi ehlala iguquka.