Amandla elanga ayekile ukuba sisithembiso sexesha elizayo kwaye abe sisisombululo samandla sangoku kwaye sangempela. Ndiyabulela kwi-drive yokuzinza kunye nokuphuculwa kwezobuchwepheshe, amakhaya amaninzi kunye namashishini akhetha ukufaka iinkqubo ze-solar photovoltaic ukunciphisa iindleko zombane kunye nayo Umkhondo weenyawo zendalo.
Kodwa ukwenza uninzi lwalo mthombo wamandla acocekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amacandelo elanga kunye nendlela nganye isebenza ngayo. Ukususela kwiipaneli zelanga ezibonakalayo kwiiphahla ukuya kwi abatyalo-mali, iibhetri, iinkqubo zokuxhoma nangaphezulu, ngamnye udlala indima yobuchule kwiziko elisebenzayo.
Yintoni inkqubo yelanga ye-photovoltaic?
Inkqubo yelanga ye-photovoltaic yisethi yamacandelo eyenzelwe ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kumbane osebenzisekayo., nokuba yeyokusetyenziswa ekhaya, kwimizi-mveliso okanye kwezorhwebo. Ingundoqo yayo yenziwe ngamapaneli elanga, nangona inkqubo epheleleyo ibandakanya ezinye iindawo ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo ekusebenzeni kwayo, njenge. abalawuli, abatyalo-mali, izakhiwo kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iibhetri.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zeenkqubo zelanga: abo baqhagamshelwe kwigridi (ukusebenzisa ngokwakho) kunye neenkqubo ezizimeleyo (off-grid). Omabini afuna ukusebenzisa amandla elanga, kodwa akwenza ngokwahlukileyo oko kuxhomekeke ekubeni adityaniswa na okanye hayi. igridi yamandla eqhelekileyo.
Iinxalenye ezisisiseko zesixokelelwano selanga
Ufakelo lwelanga lwe-photovoltaic luqulunqwe luluhlu lwezinto ezisebenzisanayo ukubamba, ukugcina, nokusabalalisa amandla elanga aguqulwe abe ngumbane. Ngezantsi, sihlalutya nganye nganye nzulu.
1. Iiphaneli zelanga
Iiphaneli zelanga zinoxanduva lokuthatha imitha yelanga kwaye iguqule ibe ngumbane. Zenziwa yimatrix ye Iiseli ze-Photovoltaic ukuba umsebenzi enkosi kwi isiphumo se-photovoltaic, isenzeko somzimba esivumela izinto ezithile ze-semiconductor ukuba zivelise umbane wangoku xa zibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni.
Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswa ukwenza ezi seli zezi i-silicon ye-monocrystalline, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline, kunye ne-silicon ye-amorphous. Kukho kwakhona iteknoloji eziphambili ezifana i-gallium arsenide (GaAs) kunye cadmium telluride (CdTe).
Iiseli zi zicwangciswe kwiimodyuli ezifihliweyo kwaye zikhuselwe ngamacandelo amaninzi (njengoko siza kubona kamva), nto leyo ebenza babonakale kakhulu kodwa baphinde babe nelona candelo libonakalayo lenkqubo.
2. Umlawuli wentlawulo
Umlawuli wentlawulo usebenza njengomlamli phakathi kweepaneli zelanga kunye neebhetri. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukuthintela iibhetri ukusuka ekuhlawulisweni kakhulu okanye ukukhutshwa ngokugqithisileyo, okukuvumela ukuba wandise i-akhawunti yakho ubomi obuluncedo kwaye ukhusele a ukusebenza okuthembekileyo yenkqubo. Ukuze usebenze ngokugqibeleleyo, unokuqhagamshelana ne isikhokelo sobugcisa sokufaka iipaneli zelanga.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zabalawuli:
- I-PWM (UkuModelwa koBububanzi bePulse): uqoqosho ngakumbi, lulungele iinkqubo ezincinci, nangona zingasebenzi kakuhle ekulawuleni amandla.
- IMPPT (Ubona Ubona Ubona Ubonelelo Lwendawo yaMandla): zikuvumela ukuba wenze ubuninzi bamandla avela kwiipaneli, ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza kwabo ukufezekisa indawo ephezulu yamandla.
Ingcebiso eqhelekileyo: Sebenzisa abalawuli beMPPT kufakelo olungaphezulu kwe-500W kwaye ngaloo ndlela uqinisekisa a ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo.
3. Umtyali-mali
I-inverter yelanga iguqula umbane othe ngqo (DC) owenziwe ngamapaneli kwaye ugcinwe kwiibhetri kwi-alternating current (AC), eyona nto siyisebenzisa ekhaya kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo. Kwiinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zegridi, i-inverter iphinda ivumelanise i-current eveliswayo kunye negridi yombane, kwaye kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo zingabandakanya imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo njengokulawula ukusetyenziswa kombane. iijeneretha ezixhasayo okanye lawula yonke inkqubo.
Ezinye ii-inverters zanamhlanje zivumela esweni ukusetyenziswa kunye ukuveliswa kwamandla eselula, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla avelisiweyo. Ukongeza, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphonononge iingenelo ze iiphaneli zelanga ezijikelezayo oko kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwendawo yakho.
4. Iibhetri zelanga
Iibhetri ziyimfuneko kufakelo olulodwa, njengoko zivumela umbane owenziwe ukuba ugcinwe ukuze usetyenziswe xa kungekho kukhanya kwelanga (ebusuku okanye ngeentsuku ezinamafu). Kwiinkqubo eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi, ukusetyenziswa kogcino kuyakhethwa, kodwa kuxhaphake kakhulu ekufuneni ukufakela ukuzimela kwamandla.
Iintlobo zebhetri ezisetyenziswa kakhulu:
- Iasidi yelothe (AGM okanye ijeli): uqoqosho, nangona ubomi obufutshane kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
- ILithium: zibiza kakhulu kodwa zomelele ngakumbi, zisebenza kakuhle, zikhaphukhaphu kunye nomthamo omkhulu wokukhupha.
Iibhetri zeLithium zifumene ukuvelela kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo, lula ukubeka iliso kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa okuphantsi. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo, ungabonisana ne imiba yokugcinwa kweepaneli zelanga.
5. Isakhiwo senkxaso
Ukuze iipaneli zelanga zenze umsebenzi wazo ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka zifakwe kwisakhiwo esizigcina zizinzile kwaye kwi-angle efanelekileyo. Ezi zakhiwo zinokufakelwa apha:
- Uphahla: kunye neenkqubo ze-coplanar, ezine-angle okanye isakhiwo esinesisindo.
- Umgangatho: ilungele iifama zelanga okanye ufakelo olukhulu.
Ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo (ukusingisa emazantsi eSpain) kunye ne-engile eyaneleyo yongeza ingqokelela yelanga kunye ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nofakelo olululo, bona i Isikhokelo sofakelo lweepaneli zelanga.
6. Iingcingo kunye nokhuseleko lombane
Nangona zinokuthi zingabonakali, iintambo kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okufanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lofakelo lwe-photovoltaic. Zizinto ezimele zimelane neemeko ezigqithisileyo zokusingqongileyo, ngoko Kubalulekile ukuba ziqinisekiswe ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kwelanga, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokuchasana kombane okuphantsi. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu kukhuseleko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphonononge iindleko kunye nokusebenza kweenkqubo zepaneli zelanga.
Ukongeza, ifakiwe ukhuseleko olufana ne-fuses, ii-circuit breakers kunye ne-grounding systems ukuphepha ukulayisha ngaphezulu, iisekethe ezimfutshane kunye neentshukumo zombane.
7. Ibhokisi yokuhlangana
Ibhokisi le-junction yindawo apho zonke iintambo ezivela kwiimodyuli ze-photovoltaic zidibanisa kwaye ukusuka apho uxhulumaniso ukuya kuyo yonke inkqubo luqala. Ifumaneka ngasemva kwephaneli nganye kwaye idla ngokuyilwa ukuba imelane neemeko ezimbi zokusingqongileyo. Abanye baquka ukuthintela okanye ukudlula iidiode ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamandla xa inxalenye yepaneli ikhutshiwe.
8. Ijenereyitha encedisayo (ukhetho)
Kwiifakelo ezizimeleyo, i-jenereyitha yokugcina inokudityaniswa, ngakumbi kwiindawo apho iimeko ezingathandekiyo zenzeka iintsuku eziliqela ezilandelelanayo. Le generator ingenziwa isebenze ngokuzenzekelayo xa iibhetri ziphantsi kwaye inkqubo ayifumani imitha yelanga eyaneleyo ukuze izenzele amandla. Kwezi meko, kunokuba luncedo ukuqwalasela iiphaneli zesola eziphathwayo kwiimeko zonxunguphalo.
Iinxalenye ezineenkcukacha zepaneli yelanga
Iipaneli zelanga zenzelwe ukumelana nazo zonke iintlobo zeemeko zemozulu kwaye zenze umsebenzi wazo amashumi eminyaka. Ukufezekisa oku, zenziwe ngokwamaleko amaninzi, ngalinye linomsebenzi othile:
- Iglasi epholileyo: umaleko wokuqala, ikhusela iimpembelelo kwaye ivumela ukudlula kwimitha yelanga ngaphandle kwelahleko.
- EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) encapsulant: ifunxa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kwaye ikhusela iiseli kubumanzi kunye nezinye izinto.
- Iiseli zelanga: Zezo ziguqula ukukhanya kube ngumbane.
- Omnye umaleko we-EVA encapsulant: iyafana nale yangaphambili, ngasemva kweeseli.
- Iphepha elingasemva: Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngeepolymers ezifana ne-PET okanye i-TPT. Ikhusela kwaye ikhusela kwi-elementi.
- Isakhelo seAluminiyam: Inika ukuqina kwesakhiwo kwiphaneli, iququzelele indibano kwaye ikhusele imida yeglasi.
- Ibhokisi yokuhlangana: idibanisa iiseli kuyo yonke inkqubo kwaye ingabandakanya ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
Olu yilo olucwangcisiweyo luphucula ukusebenza, ukuqina kunye nokhuseleko lweemodyuli ze-photovoltaic.
Ukwenziwa kweepaneli zelanga
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwephaneli yelanga inobugcisa obuphezulu kwaye ifuna uthotho lwamanyathelo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
1. Ukuveliswa kwe-silicon
Konke kuqala ngokucocwa kwe-silicon, ehamba kwiinkqubo zokunyibilikisa ukuze ibe yi-ingots. Ezi ingots zisikwa zibe ngamashiti amancinci abizwa ngokuba zii-wafers.
2. I-Doping of wafers
Ukungcola kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-phosphorus kunye ne-boron zongezwa kwii-wafers ukuguqula ukuhanjiswa kwazo kunye nokuvumela ukudala indawo yombane (pn junction).
3. Ukudalwa kweeseli zelanga
I-wafers ene-doped igqunywe ngezinto ezichasene ne-reflective kwaye ifakwe kwiipateni zokuphucula ukubamba ukukhanya. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuvela kwezi teknoloji, ungabonisana ukuvela kwembali yeepaneli zelanga.
4. INdibano
Iiseli zidityaniswe ngokulandelelana ngokusebenzisa i-tape conductive, ukwenza iintambo. Ezi ntambo zifakwe phakathi iileya ze-Eva, iglasi kunye neshiti elingasemva.
5. Ukuqulunqa kunye nebhokisi yokudibanisa
Imodyuli ifakwe kwisakhelo se-aluminium kunye nebhokisi ye-junction yongezwa ukuququzelela i-wiring.
6. Ulawulo lomgangatho
Iphaneli nganye ivavanyelwa ukusebenza, ukuchasana, ukuvezwa kweemeko ezigqithisileyo kunye nezikrini ezibonakalayo eziqinisekisa ukungabikho iintanda okanye iziphene.
Ngombulelo koku, iiphaneli zangoku zinokugcina ukusebenza kwazo iminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30 nangaphezulu.
Umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo ezizimeleyo kunye negridi edibeneyo
Xa ukhetha ukufakwa kwelanga, enye yezona ngxaki ezinkulu kukuba ukhetha inkqubo yodwa (ngaphandle kwegridi) okanye enye idityaniswe kwigridi (ukusebenzisa ngokwakho). Makhe sijonge kwiiyantlukwano zabo eziphambili:
- Ukuzityela: ivelisa amandla kwikhaya kwaye isebenzisa igridi njenge-backup. Ungathengisa intsalela kwaye awufuni bhetri.
- NONE Ayixhomekeke kwigridi yombane, ifuna iibhetri kunye (ngokuzikhethela) i-generator. Ilungele iindawo ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinethiwekhi.
Zombini iinkqubo zineengenelo zazo, kodwa ukuzityela kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zasezidolophini, ngelixa iinkqubo ezingaphandle kwegridi zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikude.
Kuyabonakala ukuba Amandla elanga avumela abasebenzisi kunye neenkampani ukuba zigcine, zizimele ngakumbi, kwaye zinciphise ifuthe labo lokusingqongileyo. Ngokuqonda kakuhle inxalenye nganye yenkqubo, unokwenza izigqibo ezingcono xa ufaka okanye ugcina inkqubo ye-photovoltaic esebenzayo kunye nexesha elide.