Amandla enyukliya adlula kwixesha lotshintsho olukhulu kunye nolindelo, Iqhutywa kukukhangelwa kwezinye iindlela ezicocekileyo nezizinzileyo kunye nezicwangciso-qhinga zamazwe ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamandla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, icandelo libone yonke into ukusuka kutyalo-mali oluphambili kuvavanyo lokudityaniswa kunye ne-fission reactors ukuya ekunyukeni kobuchule obutsha bobuchule bokulawula kunye nohlalutyo lweenkqubo zenyukliya.
ISpain, iTshayina, iUnited Kingdom kunye namanye amagunya ehlabathi ngamnye ubheja ngendlela yakhe kolu hlobo lwamandla, Nokuba njengentsika esembindini weenkqubo zabo zombane okanye njengamandla okuqhuba uphando nophuhliso, umahluko kwiindlela zokusebenza uqaqambisa zombini amathuba ezoqoqosho, ezobuchwepheshe, nezentlalo kunye nemingeni ejongene namandla enyukliya kwinkulungwane yama-21.
I-China kunye nomngeni we-hybrid fusion-fission reactors
I-China yenza inkqubela-phambili ekuphumezeni iiprojekthi ezijonge ukuguqula amandla enyukliya kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwisiqithi senzululwazi saseYaohu, kufutshane neNanchang, iChina iqalile umsebenzi wokuqala kwiXinghuo-1 hybrid fusion-fission reactor. Emva kwesi sicwangciso esinqwenelekayo kukho utyalo-mali olungaphezu kwe-200.000 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni, ngenjongo yokwakha isityalo esikwaziyo ukufikelela kwi-megawatts ye-100 yombane kunye ne-300 megawatts yamandla ashushu, kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-plasma energy gain index (Q) enkulu kune-30, inani eliza kubonisa isiganeko esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili kwicandelo.
Umba we-Q ungundoqo kugqatso lwenyukliya: Nangona iiprojekthi ezifana ne-National Ignition Facility e-United States zifikelele kwi-Q ye-1,5, kunye ne-ITER enkulu (eyakhiwa eFransi) ijolise kwi-Q> 10, iinjineli zaseTshayina zijolise ukudlula lo mda kwaye zivule umnyango wenzuzo yorhwebo yokudibanisa ngaphambi kwe-2035.
Ubume be-Xinghuo-1 ilele kwindlela yayo yomxube: sebenzisa i-neutron ezenziwe ngokudityaniswa ukuze uqalise ukusabela okongeziweyo kwe-fission, ngaloo ndlela besebenzisa ezona zinto zibalaseleyo zehlabathi. Esi sicwangciso sivumela ukuphindaphinda imveliso yamandla ngelixa ufezekisela ubuchule kunye nekhonkco lokubonelela kwishishini lenyukliya laseTshayina.
Indlela yaseTshayina iyaphikisana nendlela elandelwa eNtshona, apho izinto eziphambili kwezopolitiko kunye neenkxalabo malunga nokwanda kwenyukliya kukhokelele ekubeni uphando lwe-reactor hybrid lugcinwe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi "fusion ecocekileyo." Kwingxilimbela yaseAsia, Le ndlela ingaba sisitshixo sokudibanisa amandla okudibanisa kwigridi yamandla ngaphantsi kweshumi leminyaka, ngaloo ndlela ukuqhubela phambili ukufika kwezorhwebo kulo mthombo wamandla.
Uphando lweNyukliya kunye nophuhliso eSpain: imeko yeCIEMAT
ISpain igqame kwinqanaba laseYurophu ngokuqhuba kwayo kwinyukliya, nangona ilizwe liqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili ngesicwangciso sokuvala izityalo zayo zamandla enyukliya ze-fission ngaphambi kwe-2035. Iziko le-Energy, i-Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT) ngummeli wesizwe okhokelayo kwaye uthatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kwi-EUROfusion consortium nakwiiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-ITER.
I-reactor yovavanyo TJ-II eMadrid, a inkanyezi ye-heliacI-CIEMAT yiplatifomu ekhokelayo yaseSpain yokuphanda ukuziphatha kweplasma kunye neendlela ezibonakalayo zokudibanisa. Ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1998, inike amandla ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo ekucwangcisweni kwemimandla yamagnetic kunye nokuqonda ukuthuthwa kwamandla phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. U-Yolanda Benito, uMlawuli Jikelele we-CIEMAT, ugxininise ukubaluleka kokugcina umbono wesayensi kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe njengabaqhubi be-fusion ukuba babe yinyani yorhwebo kwiminyaka ezayo.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zetekhnoloji ziye zakhokelela kwindlela yobuvulindlela bokusebenzisa ubukrelekrele bokuvelisa ukuvelisa kunye nokuhlalutya ubuninzi bedatha eqokelelwe kwiimvavanyo zeplasma.
Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa njengeqabane eliphambili kuphando lokudibanisa
Umthamo kunye nobunzima bedatha yovavanyo kwi-fusion reactors inkulu kakhulu, Oku kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lwesayensi yemveli. Ukujongana nalo mngeni, i-CIEMAT, kunye neenkampani ezifana ne-IBM kunye neefemu zelizwe, ziye zavelisa iinkqubo ze-AI ezivelisayo-ezifana neqonga le-Watsonx-ekwaziyo ukuzenzekelayo kunye nokukhawuleza ukuhlalutya idatha, ukuchonga iipatheni ezifihliweyo, kunye nokunika iingcebiso zexesha langempela.
U-Augusto Pereira, umphathi weprojekthi kwi-CIEMAT, uchaza ukuba ezi ntlobo zezixhobo zivumela isizukulwana kungekuphela kweengxelo ezizenzekelayo kunye nabancedisi bangempela kubaphandi, kodwa kunye nezibonakaliso zokwenziwa kunye nemifanekiso enceda ukuqulunqa iingcamango ezintsha zesayensi. Konke oku Iphinda-phinda ukusebenza kakuhle kwemifuniselo kwaye iququzelele inkqubela phambili ekhawulezayo ukuya kumanyano lwenyukliya kurhwebo.
Ezi nkqubela phambili zetekhnoloji, ukongeza, Kulindeleke ukuba zithunyelwe kwezinye iilebhu ezinkulu zaseYurophu, njenge-ITER eFransi, kwaye ibeka isiseko seenkqubo zokulawula ezizimeleyo kwixesha elizayo kwii-reactors zorhwebo. Ukudityaniswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye necomputing ye-quantum kungavula indlela yeendlela ezintsha zokulawula amandla enyukliya, ukwandisa ukhuseleko kunye nokunciphisa uhlalutyo kunye namaxesha okusabela.
Iimpikiswano zoqoqosho kunye nemingeni yecandelo lenyukliya yesiqhelo
Ngelixa uphando lwe-fusion lunika ithemba lexesha elide, Amandla enyukliya asekwe kuqhekeko oluqhelekileyo ajongene nokugxekwa okunxulumene neendleko kunye neeshedyuli. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukunyuka kweendleko kunye nokulibaziseka kwesiqhelo ekwakhiweni kwezityalo ezitsha. Umzekelo, ngokutsho kwenkampani ecebisayo iLazard, i-avareji yeendleko zeplanti yelanga e-US imalunga nama-875 eerandi kwikW nganye, xa kuthelekiswa nangaphezulu kwe-10.000 yeedola kwikW nganye yamandla enyukliya, umahluko obonakaliswe kukhuphiswano lwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
EUnited Kingdom naseUnited States, iindlela zokuxhasa ngemali iziko elitsha lombane zidla ngokubandakanya ukudluliselwa kweengozi neendleko kubathengi nakubahlawuli berhafu, kungekho siqinisekiso sempumelelo kuzo zonke iiprojekthi. Ngaphaya koko, oomatshini beemodyuli ezincinci, ezibonakaliswe njengenye indlela, zisanqongophele irekhodi eqinisekisiweyo kunye nomzabalazo wokufikelela kuqoqosho lwesikali.
Ukhuseleko luhlala luyenye yeengxoxo ezinkulu: Uxinzelelo lokukhawulezisa iimvume kunye nezigunyaziso kunokukhokelela kwiindlela ezimfutshane zokulawula, Kwaye ezinye ziyilo azikahlangani nazo zonke iimfuno zokhuseleko kwingozi. Konke oku kubangela ukuthandabuza phakathi kwabanye kuluntu nakwizangqa ezithile zenzululwazi.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye namathuba amatsha oshishino lwenyukliya lwaseSpain
Inkqubo yenyukliya yeR&D&I yaseSpain iyaqhubeka nokuvelisa amathuba kunye nenkqubela phambili., zombini kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezicelo zophando. Amaqonga afana ne-CEIDEN adibanisa ngaphezu kwekhulu lamaqumrhu karhulumente nawabucala, alungelelanisa iinkqubo zelizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokukhuthaza iiprojekthi kwiindawo ezifana nemathiriyeli ephucukileyo, isizukulwana esilandelayo samafutha enyukliya, kunye nokulinganisa i-reactor.
Kwicandelo lezoshishino, iinkampani ezifana neQela le-ENUSA ziye zafumana ukunyuka komsebenzi ngenxa yomdla weenkampani ezinkulu zeteknoloji kunye namaziko edatha afuna amandla amaninzi, angaphazanyiswa. Ukuphuhliswa kweemodyuli ze-reactors (SMRs) kunye nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo kubonakala kuqinisa indawo yecandelo njengenxalenye yeqhinga lenguqu ukuya kuqoqosho lwe-Net Zero.
Amanani akutshanje avela kwicandelo laseSpain abonisa oku kukhula: ngo-2024 kuphela, isityalo saseJuzbado savelisa ngaphezu kwe-227 yeetoni zamafutha enyukliya, ngaphezu kwe-60% ejoliswe ekuthengiseni kumazwe aseYurophu, kwaye ilawula ngaphezu kwe-450.000 cubic metres yamanzi amashishini.
Ukuphuculwa okuthe rhoqo, ukuqeqeshwa kweengcali ezintsha, kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe iya kuba ngundoqo ukuba iSpain ifuna ukuhlala iyinkokeli kuphando lwamandla enyukliya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwezoshishino.
Imeko yangoku yamandla enyukliya ibonakalisa ukudibana kweendlela. Utyalo-mali kubuchwepheshe obudityanisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha yobukrelekrele, kunye neeprojekthi zaseTshayina naseSpain, ziphawula indlela ethembisayo. Kwangaxeshanye, uqhekeko lwemveli luyaqhubeka nokujongana nemingeni yezoqoqosho nentlalontle. Utshintsho kwi-fusion kunye nezicelo ezitsha zemizi-mveliso ziya kuba nesigqibo kwiminyaka ezayo, kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqhubela phambili ulwazi kunye nokhuseleko kulawulo lwala mandla anokuhambisa iinkwenkwezi.
