Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyaqhubeka ngokukhawuleza kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezithathwa njengexabiso eliphezulu lendalo, njengeAmazon, ihlathi lemvula laseMayan, kunye neendawo eziphambili zendalo eLatin America. Amanani akutshanje abalaselisa ilahleko enkulu yamahlathi, ngoxa iingcaphephe nemibutho yehlabathi ilumkisa ngemiphumo enzulu le meko enayo kwizinto eziphilayo, imozulu yehlabathi nakuluntu oluxhomekeke kule nkqubo yezinto eziphilayo.
Lo mcimbi awufani, kodwa unqamlezileyo: Emva kokugawulwa kwemithi kukho imidla yezoqoqosho efihliweyo, imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, kunye notshintsho oluya luntsokothile kusetyenziso lomhlaba. Inkxalabo idlulela ngaphaya kokunyamalala kwemithi; ibandakanya utshintsho olungenakujikwa kwindalo, inkcubeko, kunye nokutshintshatshintsha kwemo yendalo yonke.
EPeru: IAmazon ilahlekelwe ngokuphindwe kalishumi elinanye kunobukhulu beLima
Ingxelo yeSiseko soLondolozo kunye noPhuhliso oluZinzileyo (FCDS Peru) ibeke idrama ngokwamanani: I-3 yezigidi zeehektare zehlathi lasePeruvia laseAmazon Yanyamalala phakathi kuka-2001 kunye no-2023. Ukukunika umbono, le ndawo ilingana neshumi elinanye lesixeko saseLima. Undoqo welahleko ungaphakathi Ucayali kunye neentsiba zayo, ejongene nesiqingatha sentshabalalo ebhaliweyo.
Uhlalutyo lujolise kwimisebenzi efana nale ukwanda kwezolimo (ngokwanda kwamagqabi e-coca kwiindawo ezincinci), ukumbiwa kwemigodi ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokungabikho kolawulo kwiindawo apho ubunini bomhlaba busasazeka khona. I-70% yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kutsha nje Igxininiswe eUcayali, eLoreto, eSan MartÃn, eHuánuco, naseMadre de Dios; phakathi kwe-2019 kunye ne-2023 kuphela, i-602.000 yeehektare ezongezelelweyo zongezwa kuluhlu lwamahlathi alahlekileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho kophando, phantse isiqingatha somhlaba wagawulwa amahlathi iphelela ekubeni iguqulwe ibe ngamasimi ezolimo okanye emfuyo, ngelixa ipesenti encinci ivuselela ngokwemveloEnye into ekhathazayo kukuba i-49% yemimandla echaphazelekayo yimihlaba engenazo iitayitile zepropati ezichaziweyo, eziququzelela ukungohlwaywa kunye nokuxhatshazwa okungalawulwayo.
Ingxelo ikwalatha ifuthe uluntu lwemveli, kunye ne-19% yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuzwelonke kummandla womthonyama, kunye nomahluko phakathi kokungahoywa ngokusemthethweni kwemimandla emininzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle iindawo ezikhuselweyo okanye iimvume zamahlathi, apho ukubeka iliso kwanda kwaye ukulahleka kwehlathi kuhlala kungaphantsi kwe-5%.
Mexico: Ihlathi laseMayan kwisilumkiso esibomvu
Imeko enzima ayiphelelanga eMzantsi Melika kuphela. KwiPeninsula yaseYucatán, Ihlathi lemvula laseMayan lilahlekelwe ziihektare ezingama-144.000 ngo-2024Ngokomyinge, phantse iihektare ezingama-400 zamahlathi ashinyeneyo ziyanyamalala yonke imihla, okanye iihektare ezili-16 ngeyure. ICampeche, iQuintana Roo, kunye neYucatán ngawona mazwe achaphazeleka kakhulu.
Iziphumo zesi santya zibi kakhulu: ilahleko ekhawulezileyo yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukufuduswa koluntu kunye nokungcoliswa kobutyebi bamanzi. Ngaphaya koko, ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kwandisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Nangona ezinye iindlela ziye zabhengezwa iinkqubo zokubuyisela indalo, izenzo ezicwangcisiweyo zibonakala zingonelanga ukubuyisela umva ubukhulu bomonakalo.
Iingcali zibonisa ukungxamiseka koku:
- Ukurhoxisa ugunyaziso lotshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba ezikhuthaza ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kuxhamle iziseko ezingundoqo okanye ukulima ushishino olulodwa.
- Yomeleza i ukutshutshisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuxhasa amalinge oluntu akhuthaza imifuziselo ezinzileyo efana nokufuywa kweenyosi, i-milpa yemveli, kunye nolawulo lwamahlathi olunoxanduva.
Umlilo: isoyikiso esikhulayo kwiAmazon yaseBrazil
EBrazil, umlilo uye waba sisongelo esitsha esikhulu kwiAmazon. Okokuqala kwiminyaka elishumi, Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi okurekhodiweyo ngoMeyi ngenxa yomlilo, ukodlula ukugawulwa ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokwengxelo yamva nje ye-MapBiomas, i-2023% ngaphezulu kwehlathi latshiswa ngo-117 kunomyinge wonyaka wembali, eqhutywa zizo zombini ezi mbalela ezinxulunyaniswa nemeko yemozulu efana ne-El Niño kunye nesenzo sangabom somntu.
Iziphumo zisukela kwi ukuguqulwa kweepateni zemvula ukuthotywa komhlaba kunye nomngcipheko owandileyo wemililo yexesha elizayo, kwindawo eyomayo nesesichengeni. Abasemagunyeni baphendule ngokunyusa imali kunye nokuqesha abasebenzi abaninzi ukulwa nomlilo, nangona umsebenzi ungelula: ukufumana kunye nokohlwaya abo banoxanduva kufuna ulungelelwaniso kunye nobukrelekrele, njengoko intlantsi enye inokubangela iintlekele.
Ummiselo waseYurophu kunye nemingeni yayo: ngaba imephu yanele?
Ngokuqwalasela imeko yehlabathi, i-European Union iye yakhuthaza uMmiselo omtsha weemveliso ezingenakususwa kwamahlathi (EUDR), ojolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe akuveli kumazwe agawulweyo. Lo mmiselo, oza kuqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba ka-2024 kwiinkampani ezinkulu kwaye ngoJuni ka-2025 kumashishini amancinci, uya kufuna Ukulandeleka okungqongqo kweemveliso ezifana nesoya, ikokho, ikofu, iinkuni, irabha kunye neoli yesundu.
I-EUDR ixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwe izixhobo zesathelayithi zokubeka iliso kumahlathi kwaye uqinisekise imvelaphi yeemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amathandabuzo abalulekileyo malunga nokuchaneka kweemephu: iinkqubo ze-agroforestry, ezihlala ziphosakele ukusuka kwindawo yamahlathi endalo, zinokuhlawuliswa ngokungafanelekanga okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, zivumele ukungena kweemveliso ezingahambelaniyo. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lulumkisa ukuba malunga ne-18% yeendawo zinokuhlelwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiseti yedatha esetyenzisiweyo.
Ngaphezu koko, abaphandi bagxininisa ukuba ukugqithisa ubunyani emhlabeni-ukunciphisa yonke into kwi-dichotomy phakathi kwehlathi kunye ne-non-hlathi-kunokubangela umonakalo wokubambisana, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokulima ezixhomekeke kwiimodeli ze-agroforestry ezixubileyo. Ukungabikho kokudityaniswa phakathi kweemephu zaseYurophu kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo lwasekhaya zongeza ubunzima, kwaye uxinzelelo lwabavelisi abancinci lunokukhokelela kwimiphumo engalindelekanga yentlalontle.
Ukukhuselwa kwehlathi ngumsebenzi okhulayo ongxamisekileyo, ofuna ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukulungiswa rhoqo kwezixhobo zokubeka iliso, kunye nokulinganisela phakathi kophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nokugcinwa kwendalo. Amava abonisa ukuba iinzame kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo zombini ubungqongqo bobugcisa kunye nomxholo wentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yommandla ngamnye, ukuthintela umlo ochasene nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ekugqibeleni ukohlwaya abo banegalelo elikhulu kuzinzo.
