Ungcoliseko lomoya e-Ulaanbaatar: Ingxaki ekhulayo
Ungcoliseko lomoya yingxaki yehlabathi lonke echaphazela izigidi zabantu, kodwa kukho iindawo zehlabathi apho le meko ifikelela kwinqanaba elimangalisayo. Ikomkhulu laseMongolia, Ulaanbaatar, yenye yezo ndawo apho amanqanaba ongcoliseko aye axhomis’ amehlo. Nyaka ngamnye, amawakawaka abantu bayalahleka ngenxa yongcoliseko lomoya, kwaye amanani ase-Ulaanbaatar ayothusa.
Ngelixa siqhele ukuva malunga nongcoliseko lwendalo kwizixeko ezinjengeBeijing, apho amanqanaba amasuntswana axhonyiweyo anokufikelela kuma-500 eemicrograms ngecubic meter nganye, e-Ulaanbaatar, ukugxila kuyafikelela. 1.600 micrograms per cubic meter, Yintoni Amaxesha angama-65 ngaphezulu kokucetyiswa nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO).
Unobangela ophambili wongcoliseko e-Ulaanbaatar
Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-Ulaanbaatar sisixeko esinabantu abambalwa, kodwa ngaphandle kwamadlelo amakhulu kunye nesibhakabhaka esicacileyo, iye yaba sesinye sezixeko. eyona ingcolisekileyo ehlabathini. Owona mthombo wongcoliseko esixekweni ayilozithuthi okanye ishishini elinzima, njengoko kusenzeka kwizixeko ezinabemi abaninzi. Umba ongundoqo wongcoliseko e-Ulaanbaatar yi iiyurt zasedolophini.
IiYurts ngamakhaya emveli asetyenziswa ngabantu abafudukayo kumadlelo engca aseMongolia, kodwa njengoko abemi basemaphandleni befudukela kwikomkhulu bekhangela amathuba, ezi zindlu ziye zafakwa kumahlomela-dolophu esixeko. Kubusika obubanda kakhulu eMongolia, iintsapho ezihlala kwezi yurts zisebenzisa izitovu ezibaswa amalahle ukutshisa, okuvelisa umsi omninzi kunye namasuntswana angcolisayo.
Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwamalahle kwimpilo
Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle ukufudumeza ngumlinganiselo ophantse ube sisinyanzeliso e-Ulaanbaatar, apho amaqondo obushushu anokufikelela ukuya kuthi ga. -50ºC ebusika. Nangona kunjalo, esi sixhobo singabizi kwaye sifikeleleka ngokulula siza ngexabiso eliphezulu: impilo yabemi. Amalahle avelisa izixa ezikhulu zecarbon dioxide (CO2) kunye namasuntswana axhonyiweyo awonakalisa umgangatho womoya kwaye enze umaleko oshinyeneyo womsi owaziwa ngokuba PM2.5 y PM10. La masuntswana angena emiphungeni kwaye abangele umonakalo omkhulu wexesha elide.
Ngaphaya koko, amanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko achaphazela awona macandelo asemngciphekweni woluntu, ngakumbi bantwana. Ngokutsho kwemibutho efana ne-UNICEF, ngeenxa zonke I-99% yabantwana base-Ulaanbaatar baphefumla umoya ongcolileyo, ezinokubangela iingxaki zempilo ebomini bakho bonke, njengezifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla, i-asthma, i-bronchitis, kunye nokuba umhlaza wemiphunga kwiminyaka yokuqala.
Ngo-2013, i-Ulaanbaatar yabekwa kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi enomgangatho womoya ombi kakhulu, kwaye kule minyaka idlulileyo imeko ibisiba mandundu ngenxa kutshintsha kwe mozulu, nto leyo efak’ isandla kubusika obugabadele ngakumbi yaye iintsapho zixhomekeke ngakumbi kumalahle.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufudukela emaphandleni
El ukufudumala kwehlabathi iye yayenza mandundu ingxaki e-Ulaanbaatar. Ubusika buyanda ngokungalindelekanga, butshintshana phakathi kwexesha elibandayo kunye nexesha elifudumeleyo, elichaphazela kakhulu ubomi kwii-steppes. Oku kuye kwanyanzela amawaka abelusi abafudukayo ukuba bayishiye imihlaba yabo baze bafudukele kwikomkhulu befuna amathuba angcono obomi. Nangona kunjalo, iziseko zophuhliso zase-Ulaanbaatar azizange zilungele ukufumana i-avalanche efudukayo, ekhokelele ekwandeni okungalawulekiyo kweendawo ezikufutshane, apho iimeko zokuhlala ziyingozi.
Ukwanda kwenani labantu abatshisa amalahle kwiiyurts kuye kwaqatsela ungcoliseko lwesi sixeko. Kwiinyanga ezibandayo, amanqanaba e-PM2.5 anokugqithisa Ii-micrograms ezingama-3.000 nge-cubic meter nganye, inani elibeka i-Ulaanbaatar njengenye yezona zixeko zingcolisekileyo ehlabathini. Ngokutsho kwedatha ye-WHO, ukuchanabeka ixesha elide kula manqanaba ongcoliseko kunokunciphisa ixesha lokuphila ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-4 okanye emi-5.
Amanyathelo kunye nezisombululo ngokuchasene nongcoliseko
Urhulumente waseMongolia, ebazi ubunzulu bale ngxaki, uye wasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzama ukunciphisa ungcoliseko. Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwe izifudumezi zombane kwiiyurts endaweni yezitovu zamalahle. Ukongeza, ukusukela ngo-2019, umbane ubusimahla ebusuku kwiintsapho ezihlala kwezona ndawo zithobekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, la manyathelo awonelanga xa kujongwa ubungakanani bengxaki.
Obunye ubunzima obuphambili ziindleko zobuchwephesha obungangcolisi kangako. Nangona izifudumezi zombane nezitovu zamalahle zixhaswe ngenkxaso-mali, iintsapho ezininzi azizithembi okanye azikwazi kuzihlawula iindleko, nto leyo eqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle esintu. Ngaphezu koko, i izityalo zamandla ashushu yase-Ulaanbaatar iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokupheleleyo, inegalelo kwi-6% yongcoliseko lomoya.
Ngaphandle kweenzame zikarhulumente, ezinjengokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa ekrwada ngo-2019, ingxaki isaqhubeka. I iibriquette zamalahle, ezazikhuthazwa ukuze kuncitshiswe ungcoliso, zibiza imali eninzi yaye asizizo zonke iintsapho ezikwaziyo ukuzihlawula, nto leyo ekuthintelayo ukuba zikhuliswe ngabanye abantu. Kwelinye icala, ukuxhomekeka kweMongolia kumalahle kusengumqobo omkhulu. Utyalo-mali kumandla ahlaziyekayo alunelanga, nangona iMongolia inamandla aphezulu ophuhliso lwe amandla elanga nawomoya.
Abasemagunyeni bazama ukunqanda ukufudukela kwikomkhulu ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zophuhliso lwasemaphandleni ezifuna ukuphucula iimeko zokuhlala kumaphondo kwaye bayeke ukufudukela e-Ulaanbaatar, kodwa ukuphucula iziseko zophuhliso nokudala imisebenzi yimisebenzi efuna ixesha kunye nezibonelelo.
Imbonakalo iyadimaza kubemi base-Ulaanbaatar, ngakumbi abona basengozini. Ngaphandle kwenyathelo elinyanzelwayo nelizinzileyo, abemi bekomkhulu baya kuqhubeka befumana iziphumo ezibi zongcoliseko lomoya.
I-Ulaanbaatar ayijonganga kuphela nengxaki enkulu yongcoliseko echaphazela kakhulu impilo yabemi bayo, kodwa kunye nomceli mngeni wesakhiwo xa ijongene nokukhula okungalawulekiyo kunye nemo yezulu enobutshaba. Nangona kuthathwa amanyathelo okuphelisa ungcoliseko, ukuxhomekeka kubunzima bamalahle nobunzima bezoqoqosho kwenza utshintsho lucothe kwaye lube nzima. Kwimeko apho umgangatho womoya uwohloka unyaka nonyaka, i-capital yaseMongolia idinga izisombululo eziphuthumayo, kungekhona nje ngoku, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ikusasa elinempilo.