Ukuxhalabela ulondolozo nokukhuselwa kwendalo ibingumbandela ophambili ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngokuhambela phambili kwenguqulelo kwezoshishino, abantu baqalisa ukufumanisa ukuba imisebenzi yabo yayinempembelelo enkulu kwisijikelezi-langa. Ayikokuxhaphazwa kwemithombo yendalo kuphela, kodwa imalunga nezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo eziwonakalisayo umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Olu lwazi lukhokelele ekudalweni kwamalinge amazwe ngamazwe afana ne Umgaqo weKyoto ezijolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezingcolisayo.
Ezi zivumelwano zaziyilelwe ukuthintela isixa seegesi ezikhutshwa emoyeni ngamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino, ubukhulu becala abangela ubushushu bomhlaba obuchaphazela umhlaba wonke. Kweli nqaku siza kuphendula imibuzo ephambili efana nale: Yintoni iProtocol yaseKyoto? Uzama ukufezekisa ntoni? Ngawaphi amazwe awayivumayo kwaye zeziphi izibophelelo abazenzileyo?
Iziphumo ze greenhouse kunye notshintsho lwemozulu
Ukuqonda injongo yeProtocol yaseKyoto, okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuqonda iziphumo ezingalunganga zokukhutshwa kwegesi emoyeni, ngakumbi ifuthe lamaqondo obushushu abanjwe lungcoliseko. Lo mcimbi uquka ukukwazi kweegesi ezithile (ezifana nekhabhon diokside, i-methane kunye ne-nitrous oxide) ukugcina ubushushu kwi-atmosfera, ebangela ukwanda kobushushu beplanethi.
Impembelelo yegreenhouse yendalo kwaye iyimfuneko kubomi eMhlabeni, kuba ngaphandle kwawo amaqondo obushushu anokuba malunga nama-88 degrees Celsius. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki isekubeni ukwanda okugqithisileyo oku kubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, ingakumbi leyo isuka ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nezenzo zemizi-mveliso.
Oku kunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kuguqula ukulungelelana kwemozulu, kuvelise into esiyaziyo namhlanje kutshintsha kwe mozulu, kunye nemiphumo emibi, njengokunyibilika kwezibonda, ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, ukomisa okukhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
El Umgaqo weKyoto yadalwa ngeyona njongo iphambili yokunciphisa oku kukhutshelwa kwegesi yendlu yobushushu (GHG) ukuthomalalisa nokubuyisela umva iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Sesinye sezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe kumlo ochasene nobushushu behlabathi.
Umnqophiso waseKyoto
El Umgaqo weKyoto yamkelwa ngoDisemba 11, 1997 eKyoto, eJapan, yaza yaqalisa ukusebenza ngoFebruwari 16, 2005. Sisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esinyanzelisa ngokusemthethweni amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino (esikhankanywe kwiSihlomelo I seSihlomelo) ukuba anciphise ukukhutshwa kwawo kweegesi ze<em>greenhouse. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uyinxalenye yeNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (i-UNFCCC) kwaye ithathwa njengelona nyathelo libalulekileyo kumlo wehlabathi wokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Lo mthetho wokuziphatha umisele izibophelelo ezithile kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, ethatha uxanduva olukhethekileyo lokuba ngawona akhuphayo ngenxa yemisebenzi yawo yoshishino. Ngesi sivumelwano, amazwe azibophelele ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezintandathu ezibangela ifuthe le-greenhouse: i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-nitrous oxides, ii-hydrofluorocarbons, ii-perfluorocarbons kunye ne-sulfur hexafluoride.
Ixesha lokuqala lokuzibophelela laqala ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2012. Ngeli xesha, amazwe eSihlomelo I azibophelele ekunciphiseni izinto ezikhutshwayo ngomyinge we-5.2% xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba ka-1990.
Iinjongo zeProtocol yaseKyoto
Eyona njongo Umgaqo weKyoto kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweegesi ze-greenhouse ezintandathu (GHG) ezichongwe njengezibangela ukukhawuleza kokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, asingawo onke amazwe kufuneka anciphise ukukhutshwa kwawo kwinani elifanayo, elikhokelela ekuphunyezweni komgaqo uxanduva oluqhelekileyo kodwa olwahlukileyo.
Lo mgaqo ubonisa ukuba amazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo kunye nalawo anoqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephezulu, anje ngeManyano yaseYurophu, eKhanada naseJapan, kufuneka enze izibophelelo ezingakumbi zokunciphisa, ngelixa amazwe asakhasayo enendawo eyongezelelekileyo yokwandisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngenxa yemfuneko yokuphucula uqoqosho lwawo iimeko.
- Amanqanaba okunciphisa: Amanqanaba athile okunciphisa asekwa kumazwe athile. Ngokomzekelo, i-European Union kwafuneka inciphise ukukhutshwa kwayo nge-8%, iJapan nge-6%, kwaye iRashiya kwafuneka izinzile amanqanaba ayo ngaphandle kokuwanyusa.
- Injongo yehlabathi: Ukufezekisa ukucutha okudibeneyo ubuncinane be-5.2% kwi-global emissions xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba e-1990.
Iimpawu zeProtocol yaseKyoto
El Umgaqo weKyoto linike amazwe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlangabezana nokujoliswe kuko kuncitshiso lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Phakathi kwabo:
- Isarbon iyazika: Amazwe anokufikelela usukelo lwawo ngokwandisa amandla ezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziintsinja zekharbon, njengamahlathi, afunxa ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Ezi sinki zinokuba zombini ngaphakathi kwelizwe ngokwalo nakwamanye amazwe.
- Urhwebo olukhutshwayo: Inkqubo yokurhweba nge-GHG ekhutshwayo iye yadalwa apho amazwe agqithileyo kwiinjongo zawo zokunciphisa anokuthi athengise intshiyekela yawo kwalawo asilelayo ukufezekisa iinjongo zawo. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuguquguquka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa.
- Indlela yophuhliso ecocekileyo: Amazwe aphuhlileyo angenza iiprojekthi kumazwe asakhasayo ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela afumane iikhredithi zekhabhoni ezibalelwa kwiinjongo zawo zokunciphisa.
Iintsilelo zeProtocol yaseKyoto
Nangona kukho iinzame, i Umgaqo weKyoto iye yagxekwa ngokungabi namabhongo ngokwaneleyo ukuphepha ukutshintsha kwemozulu eyintlekele. Ziliqela izinto ezibe negalelo ekuthinteleni kwayo:
- Ixesha lokuqala leprotocol (2008-2012) ligutyungelwe kuphela malunga ne-30% yokukhutshwa kwehlabathi, ukushiya ii-emitters ezinkulu ezifana ne-United States, engazange ivume i-protocol, kunye namazwe asakhasayo afana ne-China ne-Indiya, awazange anyanzeliswe. ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwazo.
- Nangona amazwe amaninzi akwazi ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, kwezinye iimeko kwakungenxa yokuhla koqoqosho, ngakumbi emva kokuchithwa kweSoviet Union, kunokuba ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ezinzileyo.
- Lo mthetho awuzange umisele izohlwayo ezibophelelayo kumazwe angazithobeliyo izibophelelo zawo, nto leyo evumela amazwe athile ukuba asilele ukuthobela ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi.
- Izinto ezikhutshwayo zehlabathi ziqhubekile nokukhula ngokubanzi, ngenxa yokwanda kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kumazwe asakhasayo nasakhasayo ebengafuneki ukuba anciphise.
Ngaphandle kwezi ntsilelo, iSivumelwano sase-Kyoto sibeke isiseko sezivumelwano ezinebhongo zexesha elizayo, ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis sowama-2015, esijonge ukubandakanya onke amazwe ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.
Ukujonga phambili, iinjongo zokunciphisa ziye zaba ngamabhongo ngakumbi. I-Protocol yaba lelinye lamanyathelo okuqala ekwandiseni ulwazi lwehlabathi malunga nesidingo sokuthatha amanyathelo ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu.