Ukumisela amaxesha onyaka, sisekelwe kwi amaxesha onyaka, imijikelo yemozulu emalunga iinyanga ezintathu nganye, ephawulwa ngeemeko zemeteorological ezizinzileyo kummandla onikiweyo. Amaxesha onyaka ngala: intwasahlobo, ihlobo, ukwindla nobusika. Ulandelelwano lwayo lusuka ekuthambekeni kwe-axis yoMhlaba ngokunxulumene nenqwelomoya ye-orbit yawo, ibangela ukuba imimandla eyahlukeneyo ifumane izixa ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kwelanga enyakeni.
Lo mcimbi awuchaphazeli kuphela amaqondo obushushu kunye nobude bemini, kodwa kunye nokuqina kunye nokuthambekela kokukhanya kwelanga okubetha phezulu. Ezi zintlukwano zinempembelelo ngqo kwizityalo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezikude ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha, apho amaxesha onyaka aphawulwe ngakumbi. Imimandla epholileyo kunye ne-boreal, efana neYurophu kunye noMntla Melika, ibonisa utshintsho olucacileyo lwamaxesha onyaka, olubonakaliswa kwimijikelo yezityalo.
Ukuphefumla komhlaba
Amaxesha onyaka awapheleli nje ekuphembeleleni imozulu, kodwa achaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imijikelo yezityalo. Lo mcimbi waziwa ngokuba yi ukuphefumla komhlaba. Njengoko amaxesha onyaka etshintsha, izityalo zisabela ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. I izityalo ezivuthulukayo, njengama-oki okanye imithi ye-chestnut, ilahlekelwa ngamaqabunga ekwindla ukuze igweme ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ebusika kwaye ihlume kwakhona entwasahlobo, ilungiselela ukuqhakaza kunye nokuzala.
Imijikelo yezityalo ibandakanya iinkqubo ezisisiseko, ezifana ukuntshula kwembewu, ukukhula, iintyatyambo kunye nokuwa kwamagqabi. Ukuqheleka kwale mijikelo kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemozulu yamaxesha onyaka. Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko ezifana kutshintsha kwe mozulu kunye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuzichaphazele ngokunzulu ezi zingqi zendalo, ukuguqula amaxesha okukhula kwaye kuchaphazele izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.
Le nkqubo ye-cyclic ivumele izazinzulu ukuba zibone uhlobo "lokuphefumla" kweplanethi, olubonakala ngemifanekiso yesathelayithi. Kule mifanekiso ishukumayo, unokubona indlela uhlaza olukhula ngayo, lufunxa ikharbon diokside (CO2) entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, kunye nendlela eyikhupha ngayo ikhabhoni xa ingena ekwindla nasebusika.
"Ukuphefumla komhlaba" akubonisi nje kuphela, kodwa kubalulekile kumjikelo wobomi bazo zonke iintlobo ezisemhlabeni. Sixhomekeke kulo mjikelo ukufumana ukutya, ioksijini kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo.
Utshintsho lwamaxesha athile kwizityalo nakwidatha yesathelayithi
Akukho mntu u-Bremer iphuhlise imiboniso emangalisayo "yokuphefumla" koMhlaba, ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela kwi INOAA STAR (Iziko loPhando lweSathelayithi kunye neZicelo). Basebenzisa isixhobo soluvo II-VIIRS (I-Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite), ebekwe kwibhodi yesathelayithi SNPP (Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership). Esi sixhobo silinganisa ukwahluka kohlaza lwehlabathi veki nganye, lubonelela ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha ngendlela uhlaza olutshintsha ngayo unyaka wonke.
Ngokusebenzisa le mifanekiso, kunokwenzeka ukubona indlela utshintsho oluvakaliswa ngayo ngakumbi kwimimandla ye-hemisphere esenyakatho, apho iinguqu ezinkulu zonyaka zirekhodwa. Imimandla efana neNew Zealand, iBrazil kunye ne-Afrika esezantsi ibonisa umjikelezo ojikelezayo ngenxa yendawo yabo kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi, apho amaxesha onyaka avela ngokungafaniyo.
Uhlaza: inguqu engundoqo kufundo lwemijikelo yamaxesha onyaka
Isalathisi esiphambili sokulinganisa olu tshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka Uhlaza, okanye Isalathiso soMhluko oQhelekileyo weVegetation (IVDN). Esi salathisi silinganisa ubungakanani bezityalo ezikhoyo kwingingqi kwaye sisetyenziselwa ukubona ukuqala kwexesha lokukhula, kunye ne-senescence okanye ukuphela komjikelo wobomi bezityalo ekupheleni kokwindla.
I-IVDN ikwasisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwizifundo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kuba ukunciphisa okanye ukwanda kohlaza kungabonisa utshintsho olukhulu kwiipateni zokukhula kwezityalo ngenxa yokwanda kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi. Kwiindawo ezingenazo izityalo, njengeentlango okanye iintaba, isalathisi sinokunika ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga neemeko zomhlaba.
Imiceli mngeni yenzululwazi emva kokuphefumla komhlaba
Ukuphuhliswa kopopayi okubonisa ukuphefumla koMhlaba, okusekwe kwimijikelo yezityalo, kubonise umngeni omkhulu. I oopopayi bathatha imijikelo engama-50.000, ezingqamana neeveki ezingama-52 zonyaka. Ngokusebenzisa i-algorithms ephucukileyo, umboniso ochanekileyo wendlela izityalo ezifunxa ngayo kwaye zikhuphe i-CO2 yenziwe ngexesha lomjikelo weveki nganye.
Ukuntsokotha kobugcisa bale nkqubo kuquke ukuvavanywa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zoopopayi de olona phawu lubalaseleyo luphunyeziwe. Ulandelelwano lubonisa indlela amahlathi neminye imimandla enezityalo “ephefumla ngayo,” ifunxa isixa esikhulu sekharbon diokside entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni ukuze iyikhuphe ebudeni beenyanga zasebusika.
Njengoko abaqulunqi bemifanekiso eshukumayo bekhankanya, kuyenzeka ukuba kujongwe iinguqulelo ezineenkcukacha ngakumbi nezicothayo ukuxabisa ukuba iinkqubo ziphuhla njani ngesisombululo esichanekileyo sexeshana.
Umhlaba kunye nekhabhoni yawo "ukuphefumula"
Ingcamango ye ukuphefumla kwekhabhoni Yomhlaba ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba imijikelo yezityalo iwuchaphazela njani umjikelo wekhabhoni yehlabathi. Ebudeni bomjikelo, izityalo zifunxa ikharbhon ngephotosynthesis zize ziyikhulule ngexesha lokubola okanye xa zitshiswa. Le nkqubo yokutshintshiselana rhoqo kwekhabhoni phakathi kweatmosfera, imihlaba kunye neelwandle ibalulekile kulungelelwaniso lwemozulu yehlabathi.
El ulwandle Ikwadlala indima ephambili kule nkqubo, njengoko ifunxa izixa ezikhulu kakhulu zekhabhoni, ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokugcinwa kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba nakwi-biosphere. Enyanisweni, ulwandle lubamba i-carbon eninzi kune-ecosystems yomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, izityalo ziqhubeka zingenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezitshisayo kunye nezipholileyo, apho zithatha khona i-CO2 eninzi ngexesha lentwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, ngelixa likhulula ebusika.
Olu tshintshiselwano lunovakalelo kakhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu, lwenza izifundo malunga nokuphefumla kwekhabhoni zibe siqhekeza esisisiseko kwiinzame zehlabathi zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu.
Impembelelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu kwiMijikelo yoNyaka
El kutshintsha kwe mozulu sele iqalile ukuphazamisa ezi patheni zomjikelo. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ehlabathi abangela ukuba imijikelo yezityalo iqhubele phambili, ilungisa ixesha lokuntshula kunye nokukhula. Amaxesha onyaka okukhula nawo ande kwimimandla emininzi, ethi, nangona isenokubonakala iluncedo kwezolimo ekuqaleni, inokuba neziphumo ezibi kwixesha elide, itshabalalise ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwenkqubo yendalo.
Ngokomzekelo, i-ecosystem yeTropiki, iqhuba utshintsho oluphawulekayo. Amahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon, asebenza njengeesinki ezinkulu zekhabhoni, aphulukana namandla awo okubamba iCO2 ngenxa yokwanda kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nembalela eyandayo. Ukuba lo mthamo uqhubeka ulahleka, umjikelo wekhabhoni uya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu, ukwandisa inani le-CO2 kwi-atmosfera kunye nokukhawulezisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ukubaluleka kokuphanda imijikelo yohlaza yamaxesha onyaka akuxhomekekanga nje ekuqondeni indlela indalo esabela ngayo kutshintsho lwemozulu, kodwa kwindlela esinokuthothisa ngayo iziphumo zayo ngokulondolozwa kwenkqubo yendalo engundoqo efana namahlathi ashinyeneyo, imimandla etyebileyo kunye, ekugqibeleni, Ngokukakhulu, neelwandle.
Nganye kwezi nkqubo, ukusuka kwiphotosynthesis ukuya ekuphefumleni koMhlaba, ityhila unxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo olugcina imozulu yethu nobomi obukwiplanethi bulungelelene. Njengoko sijongene nemingeni yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuqonda kunye nokukhusela le mijikelo iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.