Amandla enyukliya yenye yeyona mithombo yamandla inamandla kwaye ekuxoxwa ngayo kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: inyukliya yokuqhekeka kunye nokudibanisa. Zombini ezi nkqubo zineempawu ezahlukileyo kakhulu kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo kwimveliso yombane nakweminye imimandla yenzululwazi.
Ukuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo amandla enyukliya, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha ukuba ezi ndlela zimbini zisebenza njani, zeziphi iingenelo kunye nobubi bazo, kwaye leliphi inqanaba lophuhliso lokudityaniswa kwenyukliya ekulo njengendlela ecocekileyo nekhuselekileyo yekamva. Amandla enyukliya, nangona kukho impikiswano, ahlala eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengxoxo malunga nekamva lamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo.
Yintoni inyukliya?
La Ukulwa kwenyukliya Yinkqubo apho i-nucleus ye-athomu enzima (efana ne-uranium okanye i-plutonium) yahlukana ibe yi-nuclei ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezikhaphukhaphu emva kokubethwa yi-neutron. Olu lwahlulo lukhupha isixa esikhulu se amandla ngendlela yobushushu kunye nemitha, ukongeza ekuveliseni iineutron ezintsha ezinokuqalisa ukusabela kwetsheyini.
Lo matshini ngulowo ngoku osetyenziswa kumaziko amandla enyukliya ukuvelisa umbane. Amandla obushushu akhutshiweyo afudumeza amanzi, avelise umphunga oqhuba iiiturbines eziqhagamshelwe kwiijenereyitha zombane. Ukuqonda kangcono le nkqubo, kuluncedo ukuhlalutya Indlela isikhululo samandla enyukliya esisebenza ngayo.
Ingaba i-fission isebenza njani kwiziko lamandla enyukliya?
Ukuze uqhekeko lwenyukliya lwenzeke ngendlela elawulwayo kumzi-mveliso wamandla, inani lezinto eziphambili ziyafuneka:
- Isixhobo senyukliya: Sisakhiwo apho i-fission chain reaction yenzeke ngendlela elawulwayo.
- Amafutha eNyukliya: I-Uranium-235 okanye i-plutonium-239, ezizizixhobo ze-fissile, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
- Umphathi: Izinto ezifana namanzi okanye igraphite zinceda ukulawula isantya seeneutron.
- Ibar yokulawula: Izixhobo ezifunxa i-neutron ukulawula i-chain reaction kwaye zithintele ukuba zingaphumi kulawulo.
- Ijenereyitha yomphunga kunye nee turbines: Amandla obushushu afunyenweyo abilisa amanzi, avelise umphunga kwaye ahambise iiinjini zomoya ezivelisa umbane.
Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela i izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kumandla enyukliya ngokuhlalutya ukusebenza kwayo kunye neziphumo zayo zexesha elide.
Yeyiphi ifusion yenyukliya?
Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-fission, fusion yenyukliya Ibandakanya umanyano lweenuclei ezimbini zeathom ezikhanyayo ukwenza enye enzima. Le nkqubo yenzeka ngaphakathi eLangeni, apho iiathom zehydrogen zixubana zenze ihelium, ikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla.
Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya kuyaqwalaselwa umthombo wamandla kwixesha elizayo, njengoko ivelisa amandla acocekileyo ngaphandle kokuvelisa inkunkuma ye-radioactive ehlala ixesha elide okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2. Ngapha koko, i-fuel esetyenziswayo (i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium) ifumaneka kwi-hydrogen, into eninzi kwindalo. Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-tritium, icandelo elibalulekileyo, unokufunda ngakumbi ngokubaluleka kwayo apha.
Kutheni kunzima ukufikelela kwinyukliya?
Nangona indibaniselwano yenyukliya iyinto eyonga amandla kwaye ikhuselekile, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwezorhwebo kuhlala kungumngeni. Ukuze kwenzeke ukuxubana, kufuneka amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, agqithileyo I-100 yezigidi zeedigri zeCelsius. Kweli qondo lobushushu, i-matter iba yiplasma, imeko apho i-nuclei inokoyisa amandla abo acekisayo kunye ne-fuse.
Omnye umqobo ngu ukuvalelwa kwiplasma, ekufuneka ihlale yodwa ngaphandle kokuchukumisa nawuphi na umgangatho. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla iindawo zemagneti Kwizixhobo ezifana neTokamak kunye ne-Stellarator reactors kubalulekile ukufezekisa oku. Ukuqonda ngcono ezi nkqubo, kuya kuba luncedo ukuphonononga Indlela amandla enyukliya asebenza ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo.
Umahluko phakathi kokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kunye nokudibanisa
Nangona zombini ziimpendulo zenyukliya, zininzi iyantlukwano eziphambili phakathi kwe-fission kunye ne-fusion:
- Inkqubo: I-Fission yahlula ii-nuclei ezinzima, ngelixa i-fusion idibanisa i-nuclei ekhanyayo.
- Umthombo wamafutha: I-Fission isebenzisa i-uranium okanye i-plutonium, izibonelelo ezinesiphelo, ngelixa i-fusion isebenzisa i-hydrogen, into eninzi.
- Iimveliso eziphuma ecaleni: I-Fission ivelisa inkunkuma ene-radioactive ehlala ixesha elide, ngelixa ukudibanisa kuvelisa inkunkuma ephantsi.
- Ukhuseleko: I-Fission inokuchaphazeleka kwiingozi zenyukliya ngenxa yeentshukumo ezingalawulekiyo zamakhonkco, ngelixa udibaniso luzilawula kwaye lukhuselekile.
Ikamva lamandla okudibanisa
Inkqubela kumxube wenyukliya ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ngo-2022, izazinzulu kwi-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (e-USA) zaphumelela okokuqala ngqa ekufumaneni i-reactor yokuxuba ukuvelisa amandla amaninzi kunokuba isetyenzisiwe ukuqala ukusabela. Esi siganeko simele inyathelo elikhulu elibhekiselele kurhwebo lokudityaniswa.
Iiprototypes zezityalo zokudityaniswa kwezorhwebo kulindeleke ukuba zakhiwe kwiminyaka eyi-15-20 ezayo, ngenjongo yokuba obu bugcisa busebenze ngokupheleleyo ngoo-2040 buthembisa ukuba a isisombululo esizinzileyo kwiingxaki zamandla eplanethi. Ngokungafaniyo namafutha eefosili, ayikhuphi iigesi zegreenhouse kwaye inokubonelela ngomthombo wamandla ongacimiyo.
Ukukhangelwa kwemithombo yamandla acocekileyo nazinzileyo kukhokelele inzululwazi ukuba iphonononge amandla okudibanisa inyukliya njengenye indlela yokuqhekeka. Ngeli xesha, i-fission ihleli ingumthombo ophambili wokuveliswa kombane kumazwe amaninzi, kunye nayo khu seleko Sisihloko sokuqwalaselwa rhoqo kunye nokuphucula.
Ukuqukumbela, amandla enyukliya, kunye nobunzima kunye nokunokwenzeka, ahlala eyinkalo ebalulekileyo yophononongo lwekamva lamandla esijikelezi-langa. Njengoko sisiya kwimida emitsha yobuchwepheshe, iinkqubo zokuqonda ezifana nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kunye nokudibanisa kuya kuba yimfuneko.