Kwi-ikhosistim yethu, zonke izinto eziphilayo zilandela inkqubo ebizwa ukhetho lwendalo. Le nkqubo yinto ethatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi imfuza enenzuzo kakhulu ekusindeni kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye ibangele ukuphuculwa kokulungelelaniswa kwazo. Le yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ecetywayo nguCharles Darwin ngenkulungwane ye-19, owachaza indlela ezo zinto eziphilayo ezineempawu ezizinike ithuba elikhulu lokusinda, zithande ukuvelisa ngakumbi, ngoko ke, ziya kugcina iimpawu eziluncedo.
Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye neziphumo zalo ezitshabalalisayo kwihlabathi jikelele, luzisa izinto ezintsha ezichaphazela le nkqubo yendaleko. Ukutshintsha kweemeko zemo engqongileyo, njengamaqondo obushushu kunye neepateni zokuna kwemvula, kunempembelelo kokubini ukukwazi kwezilwanyana ukuphila nokuzala. Ngenxa yoko, sibona isenzeko apho Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nako kunokuchaphazela ukhetho lwendalo, ukuguqula iindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezinto eziphilayo kwinkqubo engabandakanyi kuphela imfuza, kodwa kunye nokusebenzisana nokusingqongileyo.
Yintoni ukhetho lwendalo?
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuchaphazela njani inkqubo yokukhethwa kwendalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba yintoni ukhetho lwendalo. Ukhetho lwendalo yinkqubo apho uhlobo luziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Le nkqubo ikhokelela kutshintsho lwendaleko xa abantu abaneempawu eziluncedo ngakumbi (mhlawumbi ngokuphila okanye ukuzala) bephumelele ngakumbi kunabanye, kwaye ke ngoko badlulisela ezi mpawu kwinzala yabo. Ngale ndlela, iijini ezivumela ukuziqhelanisa ngcono ziphila kwaye zisasazeke phakathi kwabemi.
Ingcamango yokhetho lwendalo isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba kukho a ukuguquguquka ufuzo phakathi kweentlobo. Le yantlukwano yinto evumela ukuba abanye abantu baphumelele ngakumbi kunabanye kwiimeko ezithile. Le nto ibonakaliswe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo zemfuza ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngemizekelo yeparadigmatic efana neBiston betularia moths eyathi, emva kweRevolution Revolution, yavela yaya kumbala omnyama ukuze izifihle ngcono kwimithi egqunywe sisile.
Le nkqubo yokutshintsha kunye nokuziqhelanisa ayizenzekeli okanye ikhawuleze, kodwa into esiyibonile kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukuba, ngokutshintsha kwemozulu eqhutywa yimisebenzi yabantu, amaxesha kunye nezingqisho zokuziqhelanisa nazo ziyatshintsha.
Ukukhethwa kwendalo kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu
Uphando lupapashwe kwiphephancwadi inzululwazi Iphikisa ukuba utshintsho lwehlabathi kule nkqubo yokhetho lwendalo lukhokelwa ngakumbi imvula kunokuba ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba, ngokuguqula ulawulo lwemvula yehlabathi, utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuchaphazela inkqubo yendalo yendalo.
Nangona kunjalo iziphumo ze-ikholoji yokutshintsha kwemozulu zibhalwa ngokwandayo, iziphumo kwinkqubo yendaleko ezikhokela ulungelelwaniso azikaziwa kakhulu. Ngokuhlalutya uvimba wedatha omkhulu oquka izifundo ezininzi malunga nabantu abahlukeneyo bezilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, abaphandi baye bafunda ukuba ukuhluka kwemozulu kuchaphazela njani ukhetho lwendalo.
UAdam Siepielski, umphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseArkansas, ubonisa ukuba enye yeenkalo esele zichongiwe yinguqu yembalela kunye neepatheni zemvula. Ngokutshintsha amaqondo emvula, iindawo ezomileyo zinokuba nembalela emandla, ngelixa iindawo ezimanzi esele zifumana imvula eninzi zinokugqithisa nangakumbi. Olu tshintsho, emva koko, luya kuchaphazela unxibelelwano lwetrophic kunye nokufumaneka kobutyebi.
Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho kwiipatheni zemvula inokuchaphazela umthombo wokutya wezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukunyanzelisa ezinye iintlobo ukuba zilungele ngokukhawuleza okanye zijongene nokuphela. Olu tshintsho kwimozulu lubonisa ukuba ukukhethwa kwendalo kuphenjelelwa yimeko yemozulu entsha yesi sijikelezi-langa.
Ukuhla kwemvula kunye nokunyuka kwembalela
I-precipitation regime yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezinokuchaphazela ukhetho lwendalo. I ukuncipha kwemvula kunye nembalela eyandileyo iya ixhaphaka ngakumbi, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu okanye iindawo eziyimiqwebedu. Njengoko imbalela isanda ngexesha kunye nokuphindaphindeka, eminye imimandla ifumana inguqu kwimozulu eyomileyo nakwimozulu eyintlango.
Impembelelo kuhlobo lukhulu, ekubeni ukuncipha kokufumaneka kwamanzi kuchaphazela ngqo isiseko sekhonkco lokutya, njengezityalo kunye nezinambuzane. Oku ke, kuchaphazela izilwanyana ezitya utyani kunye namarhamncwa axhomekeke kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo, iintlobo zezityalo ezixhomekeke kuhlaza oluthile ekutyeni zisenokujongana nobunzima xa utyani luyancipha ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwamanzi.
Ngokuchaseneyo, eminye imimandla ingabona ukwanda kwemvula, nto leyo echaphazela izinto eziphilayo ezingaqhelananga nemekobume emanzi. Kuzo zombini iimeko, imozulu isebenza njenge-arhente yangaphandle ebeka iimeko ezintsha ekufuneka zijongene nazo izidalwa eziphilayo. Ubume bokhetho lwendalo buthetha ukuba iintlobo ezikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nezi meko zintsha aziyi kuphila nje kuphela, kodwa ziya kukhula, ngelixa ezinye ziya kujongana nokuncipha kwabantu kunye nokuphela.
Utshintsho kwindalo
I-ikhosistim yehlabathi iphantsi kweenguqu ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani luya kugqiba ukuba iintlobo ezichaphazelekayo zinexesha elaneleyo lokuziqhelanisa okanye ukuba ziya kushiywa ngasemva. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, a utshintsho kwipatheni yemvula Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuguquguquka kokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, iintlobo ze-herbivorous zixhomekeke kubukho bezityalo ezithile, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kwimijikelezo yemvula kunokuthetha ilahleko enkulu yomthombo wabo wokutya.
Ngaphaya koko, njengoko i-ecosystem itshintsha, kukwanjalo nonxibelelwano lwetrophic. Amarhamncwa axhomekeke kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezitya utyani nawo angachaphazeleka, nto leyo ebangela uthotho lweziphumo eziyingozi phakathi koluntu. Izazinzulu ziqwalasela ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zinokubona uluhlu lwazo olusasazwayo luncitshisiwe njengoko ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezintsha zithatha indawo yazo, zisenza amandla amatsha okhuphiswano.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ukuze silindele utshintsho olunokuthi lwenzeke kwi-ikhosistim. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje, olunjengokusebenza ngeentlanzi kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini, lubonise ukuba izinto eziphilayo kwezi ndawo zisesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu kuba zixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kubushushu nakumgangatho wamanzi.
Ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhethwa kwendalo okukhawulezileyo
Utshintsho lwemozulu aluthethi nje kuphela utshintsho olucothayo nolucothayo olunokuthi iintlobo zezilwanyana zimelane kancinci kancinci, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, isantya sokufudumala kwehlabathi sifuna. ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza. Uphononongo olukhokelwa yiDyunivesithi yaseDartmouth (USA) lubonisa ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezikwiitropikhi, ezifana namacilikishe amdaka, sele ziqalisile ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba bekulindelwe ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Olu tshintsho lukhawulezileyo lwendaleko lubangelwa kukhetho lwendalo olwenzeka ngexesha lokwenyani, apho kuphela abo bantu baziqhelanisileyo nezi meko zintsha basindayo kwaye bavelise kwakhona.
Kule meko, kwaphawulwa ukuba amacikilishe anokuthi abaleke ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu anezinga eliphezulu lokusinda, njengoko ayekwazi ukugcina umsebenzi wawo kwiimeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo, ebavumela ukuba bondle ngakumbi kwaye baphephe amarhamncwa. Lo mzekelo ubalaselisa indlela ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinokuguquka ngayo ngokukhawuleza ekuphenduleni ngokuthe ngqo kutshintsho lwemekobume, into ekungazange kucingelwe ukuba inokwenzeka de kube kutshanje. Olu hlobo lophando lubonelela ngethemba, kodwa lukwaqaqambisa indlela entsonkothe ngayo kwaye akuqinisekanga ngayo ukuqikelela iimpendulo zezidalwa kutshintsho lwemozulu.
Izigqibo malunga nefuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu ekukhethweni kwendalo
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuguqula inkqubo yokhetho lwendalo ngokunzulu kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ngeendlela ezingalindelekanga. Enoba kungenxa yokutshintsha kwendlela yokuna kwemvula, imbalela ethabatha ixesha elide, okanye ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathini lonke, iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ehlabathini lonke zinyanzelwa ukuba ziqhelane nezinto ezintsha zokwenene. Nangona ezinye iintlobo zibonakala zinamandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo, ezinye ezininzi zisenokungakwazi ukwenza oko, nto leyo ebeka umngeni omkhulu kwizinto eziphilayo zehlabathi.
Ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nohlobo oluthile kunokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ukungafani kwemfuza, indawo ehlala kuyo kwendalo kunye nemithombo ekhoyo kwimo engqongileyo eguqukayo. Nangona kunjalo, into enye icacile: utshintsho lwemozulu alutshintshi nje kuphela imozulu, lukwaguqula iindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokukhethwa kwendalo okuye kwasebenza kwizigidi zeminyaka.
Ke, ukuqonda unxibelelwano phakathi kokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukhetha kwendalo kunye nokuzivelela kwemvelo kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukuqikelela ukuba i-ecosystem inokutshintsha njani kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, kwaye zeziphi iintlobo eziya kuphumelela kwihlabathi lemozulu elizayo. Okwangoku, uphando lwezenzululwazi luqhubela phambili lubonisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo apho indalo iphendula, ilungelelanisa okanye, kwezinye iimeko, itshabalale xa ijongene nemingeni emitsha yokusingqongileyo.
kukho ibhadi lingena kwi-rectum yenye, ngokuchanekileyo kumfanekiso wokuqala