Amandla enyukliya kwezorhwebo afumana impumelelo entsha kwihlabathi jikelele ngenxa yemfuno engxamisekileyo yokwahluka kweematriki zamandla, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, kunye nokuqinisekisa unikezelo lombane oluzinzileyo ebusweni bokwanda kwemfuno yehlabathi. Lo mkhwa uphenjelelwa kukuvela kobuchwepheshe obukhuselekileyo nobuguquguqukayo, obufana neemodyuli ezincinci zereactors (SMRs)., nangomdla ohlaziyiweyo wamazwe amaninzi kutyalo-mali kwiziseko ezingundoqo zenyukliya ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yakutsha nje kunye nenkxaso yeziko kumazwe aliqela iye yajika izityalo zenyukliya zorhwebo enye indlela enomtsalane yokuncedisana neminye imithombo enjengokuhlaziya. Olu tshintsho lubonakala kwiiprojekthi ezisaqalayo eLatin America nase-Asiya, kunye nokuqaliswa kwakhona kwezixhobo zenyukliya eziyimiqondiso ukuze zisetyenziswe kwimizi-mveliso nakwithekhinoloji entsha.
Ukuqaliswa kweteknoloji: ukunyuka kweemodyuli ezincinci ze-reactors
Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kushishino lwenyukliya kuphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa kwe ii-reactors ezincinci zeemodyuli (SMRs). La maqela aguqule indlela yorhwebo lwamandla enyukliya ngenxa yawo uguquko, iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokhuseleko olukhulu lokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa ne-reactors yendabuko.
Ii-SMRs zinokufakwa kwiindawo ezikude okanye ngeziseko ezingundoqo ezingaphantsi, ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamandla, ukusuka ekuboneleleni ngezixeko ukuya kumashishini athile okanye amaziko edatha. Uyilo lwayo lweemodyuli luvumela amacandelo ukuba enziwe kwaye ahlanganiswe embindini., ethi icuthe amaxesha okwakha ize inciphise iingozi ezinxulumene nemisebenzi emikhulu yoluntu.
IArgentina igqame kule ntsimi ngophuhliso lwe iACR 300, ii-reactors eziyilelwe ukuba zidityaniswe kuthungelwano lwesizwe kunye nesakhono sokuthumela ngaphandle kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Kwicala labo, i-Ecuador kunye namanye amazwe aseLatin America Basele beqwalasela ukufakwa kwe-SMR njengempendulo yokuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zombane wamanzi kunye neengozi zemozulu ezinxulumene nazo.
Ukhuseleko lomelezwe kakhulu enkosi iinkqubo zokukhusela ezingenzi nto esebenza ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu okanye amandla ombane angaphandle. Ukwengeza, Ubungakanani obuncinci bezi zixhobo zenza kube lula ukujonga nokulawula inkunkuma.ngexesha Ukusetyenziswa kweuranium etyetyisiweyo ngokuphakathi kunciphisa imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokwanda kwenyukliya.
I-Argentina: ubunkokheli bengingqi kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya yorhwebo
Ukuzinikela kweArgentina kumandla enyukliya kunembali ende kwaye kubonakala kwi Isicwangciso seNyukliya saseArgentina (PNA), ejonge ukumanyanisa ilizwe njengomlinganiselo kwicandelo.
I-PNA icinga, kwisigaba sokuqala, ukwakhiwa kwe ezine ACR 300 reactors kwikhompleksi yaseAtucha ukwandisa uthatho-nxaxheba lwenyukliya kwimatriksi yamandla engingqi. Ngamandla ewonke 1200 MWEzi modyuli zinokonyusa ubukho benyukliya ukusuka kwi-7% ukuya kwi-12% kwisizukulwana sesizwe. Uphawu olufanelekileyo libhongo lokuthumela ngaphandle ezi reactors, kuxhomekeke kumava eprojekthi yeCAREM., uvulindlela kuMbindi Merika.
Uphuhliso lwezibaso zenyukliya zesizwe, lugxile ekwandiseni ukutsalwa nokusetyenzwa kweuranium, Iyinxalenye yenqanaba lesibini lesicwangcisoIArgentina inezixhobo ezininzi, nangona ikhonkco lokubonelela kunye noqeqesho luhlala lucelomngeni. Ngaxeshanye, Ukusekwa 'kwesixeko senyukliya' sasePatagonian kucetyiwe ngesiseko samandla esilungiselelwe ukutsala utyalo-mali kwezobuchwepheshe nenzululwazi.
Amava aseArgentina abalaselisa ukubaluleka kwe isakhelo solawulo esiluqilima, intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini abucala kunye nokusekwa kwamaqela akhethekileyo, imiba ephambili yokuphumelela kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yenyukliya yorhwebo.
E-Ecuador: Ukusuka kwintlekele yamandla ukuya kwiiyantlukwano zenyukliya
Emva kokujongana nenye ye ezona ngxaki zamandla zimbi Kwimbali yayo yakutshanje, Ecuador uye wagqiba ukuba babheje kwi diversification ngokusebenzisa iimodyuli ezincinci zereactors zenyukliya njengomlinganiselo wokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumbane wamanzi.
Isindululo sibandakanya ukubandakanywa kwe-SMRs ukuya kwi-300 MW kunye nokuhlolwa kweendawo ezifanelekileyo, ngakumbi kwiphondo laseManabÃ. Ilizwe lijongene nomngeni wokudala isikhokelo solawulo ehambelana nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ye-IAEA kunye nokuqinisekisa ababoneleli phantsi kweemfuno ezithile zenyikima kunye nokhuseleko.
Ukoyisa iintsomi, uloyiko, kunye nolwazi olungachananga malunga namandla enyukliya yenye injongo yobuchule. Isidingo semikhankaso yemfundo kunye nokungafihlisi ukufumana ukwamkelwa koluntu kugxininiswe, kugxininisa ukungafani kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokhuseleko xa kuthelekiswa neengozi ezidlulileyo. Ngokutsho kweengcali zasekuhlaleni, Imitha ejikeleze indawo yokuvelisa amandla enyukliya yanamhlanje isezantsi kakhulu kunokukhanya kwelanga kwizixeko eziphakamileyo., isicatshulwa esiluncedo solwazi ukulungisa imingcipheko yokwenene.
Umthetho omtsha kunye namathuba ezityalo zenyukliya kwiiPhilippines
E-Asiya, iiPhilippines zibeke inqanaba elibalulekileyo ngokubeka iziseko ezisemthethweni neziko lokudibanisa amandla enyukliya kumxube wayo wombane, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokungagqibeki. I-Senate yasePhilippine yapasisa uMthetho weSizwe woKhuseleko lweNyukliya ngo-2025., ukudala ugunyaziwe olawulayo obizwa ngokuba yiFilatom kunye nokuchaza iiparitha ezicacileyo zokukhutshwa kwelayisensi, ukusebenza kunye nokulawulwa kwezityalo ezintsha zorhwebo.
Urhulumente wasePhilippine, ngeSicwangciso saMandla saMandla sowama-2023–2050, Kucetywa ukudibanisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4.800 MW yamandla enyukliya phambi kowama-2050.Nangona ukuthatha inxaxheba kweenkampani zokusasaza kuya kuba ngokuzithandela kwaye akunyanzelekanga, eli nyathelo libonisa umnqweno kazwelonke wokudibanisa imithombo, ukuzinzisa igridi, kunye nokuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zemozulu.
IiPhilippines nazo zibeka phambili i iingxoxo zoluntu kunye nothethwano nabemi ukulungisa ilifa lokungathembani elishiywe kukwakhiwa kunye nokuvalwa komzi-mveliso waseBataan. Ulawulo olungafihlisiyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho ephezulu yamazwe ngamazwe kuthathwa njengeemeko eziyimfuneko zokuqhubela phambili nokuphunyezwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezirhweba ngakumbi.
Uhlaziyo kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kwezixhobo ze-iconic
I-United States ikwabeke ingqwalasela yayo kumandla enyukliya Ukuqalisa kwakhona okucwangcisiweyo kwesityalo seThree Mile Island ePennsylvania, indawo eyayivaliwe emva kwengozi edumileyo yowe-1979. Ukuvulwa kwakhona kuza phakathi kwengxaki yamandla ekhoyo ngoku kwaye phantsi kwemigaqo yokhuseleko engqongqo, ngenjongo yokubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo kumaziko amakhulu edatha kunye namashishini amatsha obuchwepheshe. Lo mzimveliso kulindeleke ukuba usebenze ngo-2028, ube negalelo le-800 MW kwinkqubo yesizwe., kunye nokuvelisa amawaka emisebenzi.
Imingeni yolawulo, yezemfundo nentlalontle ekwandiseni amandla orhwebo enyukliya
Ukwandiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zorhwebo kubandakanya ukujongana imingeni yolawulo kunye nesiqinisekiso samazwe ngamazwe. Ukulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo yasekhaya kwimigangatho ye-IAEA Kubalulekile ukufikelela kubaboneleli behlabathi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusebenza.
Ngokuhambelanayo, i Ukwamkelwa koluntu kubalulekile ukwenzeka kweeprojekthi, ngakumbi kumazwe apho iinkumbulo zaseChernobyl kunye neFukushima zinzima kakhulu kwimemori edibeneyo. Ngoko ke, i-pedagogy, unxibelelwano oluselubala kunye nentsebenziswano noluntu lwenzululwazi Zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukuphuhliswa kothungelwano lonikezelo lwesizwe, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe ngokuphezulu, nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwamaziko karhulumente nawabucala kuya kuba ngundoqo ekoyiseni imiqobo kunye nokuphumeza ukwandiswa okucwangcisiweyo, okukhuselekileyo nozinzo lwamandla enyukliya orhwebo.
Umxholo wangoku ubonisa ukuba amaziko orhwebo enyukliya abizelwa ukuba adlale indima yobuchule. kutshintsho lwamandla ehlabathi. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kwiimodyuli zereactors, ukuzibophelela kulawulo lwamazwe asahlumayo, kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kwezixhobo ezibonisa iimpawu ezibonisa indlela ecacileyo yokwahluka kunye nokuphucula icandelo. Umceli mngeni uya kuba kukugcina ukuthembela koluntu kunye nokuqinisekisa imigangatho ephezulu yokhuseleko ngelixa iiprojekthi ezintsha zingeniswa kwigridi yombane yehlabathi..
