Ngaba uye waqaphela ukuba kukho intetho engakumbi kunye nangakumbi ngoku malunga namandla asasazwayo kunye nokudibanisa kwawo ekunyukeni kwamandla avuselelekayo? Le ngcamango, eyathi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ibonakala igcinelwe iingcali kunye nababonisi, iye yaba ngundoqo ekuqondeni indlela indlela esivelisa ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane emhlabeni jikelele.
Kweli nqaku, uya kufumana isishwankathelo esibanzi nesicacileyo sayo yonke into enxulumene namandla asasazwayo: Imigaqo yayo, iingenelo, imingeni, iteknoloji, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa kwayo ekuzisebenziseni kunye nokuhlaziywa, indima yokulawula, kunye nokukwazi kwayo njengomqhubi wenguqu yamandla. Zilungiselele ukufumanisa ukuba lusebenza njani olu revolution yamandla kunye nendlela enokuguqula ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Yintoni amandla asasazwayo?
Amandla asasazwayo, awaziwa ngokuba yimveliso esasazwayo okanye enikezelweyo, ngumzekelo apho imveliso yombane isasazwa kwiseti yamaziko amancinci kufutshane namanqaku okusetyenziswa.Oku kubonisa ikhefu kwinkqubo yemveli, apho amaziko amakhulu ombane abekwe kude nezixeko avelisa umbane ekuye kwafuneka ukuba uthuthwe ngeemayile ukuya kubasebenzisi.
Ndiyabulela amandla asasazwayoAbasebenzisi, uluntu, kunye namashishini anokuvelisa, adle, kwaye athengise amandla awo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla engingqi kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana neepaneli zelanga ze-photovoltaic, ii-injini zomoya ezincinci, ii-micro-hydro turbines, i-biomass, i-cogeneration, kwaye, ngokunyukayo, izisombululo eziphambili ezisekelwe kugcino kunye neegridi ezihlakaniphile.
Imvelaphi kunye nokuvela kwemodeli yamandla: ukusuka kwi-centralization ukuya kwi-decentralization
I-Centralization ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwimveliso yamandla kunye nokusabalalisa amashumi eminyaka. Amaziko amakhulu ombane ashushu, ombane ngamanzi kunye nawenyukliya aguqule amandla abe ngumbane kwaye asasazwa kumgama omde kusetyenziswa iziseko zophuhliso ezintsonkothileyo ezinombane ophezulu kunye nophakathi. Le ndlela yasabela kuqoqosho, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo okuthe ngqo kwitekhnoloji nganye. Umzekelo, iiplanti zombane wamanzi zazibekwe kumadama amakhulu, ngelixa amaziko ombane obushushu okanye enyukliya afakwe kude neendawo ezihlala abantu.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukufuna ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzinza kuye kwaqhuba ukuvela kwesizukulwana esisasazwayo. Ukukhula kwezixeko, ukwanda kwemfuno yombane, kunye nemfuneko yokunciphisa ilahleko kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, kunye nokwehla kweendleko zobugcisa obunokuhlaziywa, zenze imveliso ekufutshane nosetyenziso ibe nengeniso kwaye isebenze.
Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zesizukulwana esisasazwayo
Amandla asasazwayo anenani leempawu eziyahlula kwiinkqubo zemveli:
- Ukuba kufutshane kusetyenziso: Imithombo yesizukulwana esincinci ibekwe kufutshane okanye kwindawo yokusetyenziswa ngokwayo, nokuba likhaya, ishishini, isakhiwo soluntu, okanye indawo yamandla.
- Iintlobo ngeentlobo zetekhnoloji: Imithombo emininzi ingasetyenziswa (ilanga, umoya, i-hydro, i-biomass, i-cogeneration, njl.), ibonelela ngokuguquguquka kunye nokuguquguquka.
- Ilahleko encinci kwezothutho: Ngokunciphisa indlela phakathi kwesizukulwana kunye nokusetyenziswa, ilahleko yombane iyancitshiswa, leyo kwiinkqubo ze-centralized inokufikelela kwi-10% yamandla apheleleyo avelisiweyo.
- Ukuthembeka okungcono: Inkqubo yomelele ngakumbi: ukuba umthombo omnye uyasilela, abanye bayaqhubeka nokugubungela imfuno, ukunciphisa ukucima umbane okuxhaphakileyo.
- Ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqina: Amaziko amancinci naphakathi avumela ukuziqhelanisa nemfuno ekhulayo ngendlela ephilayo kunye nemodyuli.
Iintlobo zesizukulwana esisasazwayo: ukusuka kwilanga ukuya kwi-hydrogen
Ngaphakathi kwesambulela samandla asasazwayo, itekhnoloji eyahlukeneyo kunye nezicelo zihlala kunye. Ezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- Imveliso yelanga esasazwayo: Ukusetyenziswa kweepaneli zelanga ze-photovoltaic kuphahla, amakhaya, izakhiwo zoshishino, kunye neziseko zoluntu ngowona mzekelo ubonakalayo kwaye uxhaphake. Bavumela ukuzisebenzisa zombini kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane ogqithisileyo kwigridi.
- Ukuveliswa komoya osasazwayo: Iiinjini zomoya ezincinci ezifakwe kwiindawo zasedolophini okanye ezisemaphandleni okanye kwiipropati zabucala, ezibonelela ngombane wendawo.
- IMicrohydraulics: Thatha ithuba leengxangxasi ezincinci kwimijelo ekufutshane okanye imilambo, ilungele iindawo ezisemaphandleni nakwiindawo ezikude.
- I-biomass kunye ne-biogas: Ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa umbane kunye nobushushu kwizinga elincinci, lixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye kwimizi-mveliso.
- Ukuzalaniswa kwendawo kunye nokuveliswa kwesithathu: Iinkqubo ezivelisa ngokufanelekileyo amandla ombane kunye ne-thermal (kwaye, kwimeko yokubambisana, kunye namandla abandayo) kwindawo enye, ithatha inzuzo yokushisa okugqithisileyo.
- Ihydrogen eluhlaza: Nangona isekwizigaba zayo zokuqala, ivela njengeyona nto iphambili yokugcina nokubonelela amandla ahlaziyekayo kumacandelo angenawo umbane okanye ekuboneleleni ngokulula kwigridi.
Enkosi kule yantlukwano, Imveliso esasazwayo iqhelana nemimandla yasezidolophini neyasemaphandleni kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zamakhaya, amashishini okanye amandla oluntu.
Microgeneration: amandla kwizakhiwo kunye neendawo zoluntu
I-Microgeneration yindlela ethile yamandla asasazwayo asekelwe kufakelo lwamandla aphantsi kakhulu, ngokubanzi ngaphantsi kwe-1.000 kW. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibekwe kwizakhiwo, phezu kophahla, amashishini amancinci, okanye iziseko ezifana nezibane zasezitalatweni ezikrelekrele. Bagqama ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwabo, ukulula kokufaka, kunye nokukwazi ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwinkqubo jikelele.
Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo zinokususela kwiipaneli zelanga ukuya kwiiinjini zomoya ezincinci okanye ii-micro-hydro turbines zokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, kunye nokukhetha ukondla amandla angaphezulu abuyele kwigridi, ngaloo ndlela kuxhamle uluntu.
Izinto eziluncedo zamandla asasazwayo kunye nendima yawo kwinguqu yamandla
Isizukulwana esisasazwayo sizisa izibonelelo kwiinkalo ezininzi, kubasebenzisi ngabanye kunye noluntu kunye noqoqosho ngokubanzi:
- Ukunciphisa ilahleko yamandla: Ngokwenza mfutshane indlela yombane, ilahleko yothumelo iyancipha kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kobutyebi ngokufanelekileyo nangokuzinzileyo.
- Ukuphucula ukomelela nokuthembeka: Ubukho bemithombo yezizukulwana ezininzi esasazeka kwilizwe lonke kuthetha ukuba ukusilela okukodwa akuchaphazeli kakhulu inkqubo. Oku kukhokelela ekucinyweni kombane okumbalwa kunye nobonelelo lombane olukumgangatho ophezulu.
- Iququzelela ukuzisebenzisa kunye nokuzimela kwamandla: Abasebenzisi banokuvelisa, balawule, kwaye basebenzise umbane wabo, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiinkampani ezinkulu zamandla kunye nokubonelela ngolawulo olukhulu kwinkcitho.
- Ukukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo: Amandla asasazwa kakhulu asekelwe kwimithombo eluhlaza (ilanga, umoya, i-biomass, i-hydroelectric), enciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo.
- Uvuselelo loqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni: Ikhuthaza ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi notyalo-mali kwimimandla yasekhaya ngokuphakamisa amakhonkco exabiso asekuhlaleni ukuze kufakwe, kugcinwe, nokulawulwa kwezixhobo zamandla ahlaziyekayo.
- Uphuhliso loluntu: Iququzelela ukufikelela kumbane kwiindawo ezikude okanye ezisengozini kwaye ivumela uluntu lonke ukuba luququzelele ukuvelisa nokwabelana ngamandla.
- Ugcino lwezoqoqosho: Ukuzithengela, kudityaniswa nelahleko ephantsi kunye neendleko zothutho, kunegalelo ekunciphiseni amatyala ombane kumakhaya, amashishini, nakulawulo loluntu.
- Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwangaphandle: Ngokuvelisa amandla kwintsimi yomntu, ukuvezwa kokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe okanye iingxaki zokungenisa elizweni ziyancitshiswa.
Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamandla asasazwayo kunye neegridi ezihlakaniphile
Imodeli entsha yamandla ixhomekeke kakhulu kwidijithali kunye nokuthunyelwa kweegridi ezihlakaniphile. Ezi zixhobo zobuchwepheshe zivumela ulawulo lokuhamba kwamandla amabini (ukusuka kumaziko amakhulu ukuya kumakhaya kwaye ngokuphambene noko xa abasebenzisi besondla intsalela yabo kwigridi), ukulungelelanisa imveliso ngexesha lokwenyani kwimfuno.
Iigridi ezihlakaniphile zikwaququzelela: ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla (ezifana neebhetri), inxaxheba enkulu yabathengi beprosumer, kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lwezibonelelo ukuphepha ukugqithisa, ukuphuma, okanye ukungalingani.
Omnye wemingeni yobugcisa ibe kukuba iigridi zamandla zemveli azizange zenzelwe oku kuhamba kwe-bidirectional, kufuna utyalo-mali kwi-teknoloji, i-inverters, ukugcinwa kunye nokulawula.
Imingeni ephambili kunye nemingeni yamandla asasazwayo
Ngaphandle kweenzuzo zayo, amandla asasazwayo ajongene nemingeni emininzi:
- Uhlaziyo lweziseko ezingundoqo: Uthungelwano losasazo oluqhelekileyo kufuneka lutshintshwe ukuxhasa uxhulumaniso kunye nolawulo lweejeneretha ezincinci ezininzi, ngelixa zithintela ukuxinana kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhawula.
- Ugcino kunye nokwahluka: Izinto ezihlaziyiweyo, ezisisiseko semodeli esasaziweyo, ukungaqiniseki okukhoyo (ilanga alisoloko likhanya, nomoya awuvuthuzi yonke imihla). Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba nezisombululo zokugcina, ezinje ngeebhetri okanye ezinye izinto ezifana ne-hydrogen eluhlaza.
- Ummiselo kunye nemigangatho: Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imimiselo ayizange ithande ukuphuhliswa kwesizukulwana esasasazwayo. Okwangoku, amazwe afana neSpain aphelise imiqobo efana "nerhafu yelanga," edala inkuthazo yerhafu, kwaye alawula imbuyekezo ye-surplus energy ekhutshwe kwigridi.
- Iindleko zotyalo-mali lokuqala: Ngaphandle kokuhla kwamaxabiso etekhnoloji, utyalo-mali lokuqala kwizixhobo zokuzityela lusenokuba ngumqobo, nangona kukho iindlela ezikhulayo zokuxhasa ngemali.
- Ukwazisa noqeqesho: Kuyimfuneko ukwazisa nokufundisa uluntu malunga nezi nkqubo ukwandisa ukwamkelwa kunye nokwanda kweeprojekthi zokuzisebenzisa kunye noluntu lwamandla.
Indima yolawulo kunye nenkuthazo
Umthetho ngumba obalulekileyo ekususweni kwesizukulwana esabiweyo. E-Spain nakwamanye amazwe, kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibone inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo yolawulo esusa iirhafu kunye neentlawulo zokusebenzisa amandla okusebenzisa ngokwakho, ukukhuthaza inkuthazo yerhafu, ukuququzelela ukuxhaswa ngemali, kunye nokwenza lula inkqubo yofakelo oluncinci.
Ukongeza, iindlela ezimbini zilawulwa: enye ayivezi i-surpluses (ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo) kunye neyondla amandla angaphezulu kwigridi, ngenkqubo yembuyekezo yemali. Konke oku konyuse ukuphunyezwa kwamandla acocekileyo kumakhaya, amashishini, kunye noluntu.
Imizekelo esebenzayo kunye neendlela ezintsha
Izicelo zemveliso esasazwayo ziya zihluka ngokwandayo. Ukusuka kumakhaya abucala kunye neepaneli zelanga, ukuya uluntu lwamandla ommandla ukusuka kwizibonelelo ekwabelwana ngazo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ukuya ekufakeni umbane emaphandleni ngokusebenzisa ii-microgrid kunye nokudityaniswa kwezithuthi zombane ezinomthamo wokuphinda-phindwe kabini ukugcina kunye nokutofa amandla.
Ngaphaya koko, "i-Intanethi yaMandla" ivela njengekamva lolawulo lwamandla: isiseko sedijithali apho abavelisi kunye nabathengi banxibelelana ngokuzenzekelayo, ukulungelelanisa inkqubo kunye nokwenza kube lula ukungena kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
I-hydrogen eluhlaza njengeqabane lesizukulwana esisasazwayo
Ihydrogen eluhlaza ilungele ukuba yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kwisizukulwana esisasazwayo. Ivumela ukugcinwa kwe-surpluses ehlaziyiweyo kwaye igubungela imfuno kumacandelo ekunzima ukuwafaka umbane, njengezothutho ezinzima okanye iinkqubo zoshishino. Ukuxutywa kwezixhobo ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nezityalo zokuvelisa i-hydrogen kunye neenkqubo zokugcina ziya kuba negalelo ekudaleni inkqubo eyomeleleyo, eguquguqukayo, kunye nezinzileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iSpeyin, sele iceba ukufaka amakhulu eemegawathi ze-electrolyzers kwiindawo ezikufutshane nokusetyenziswa kwiminyaka ezayo.
Amandla asasazwayo abeka iziseko zemodeli yamandla ecocekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, apho abavelisi kunye nabathengi baba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo. Uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bedijithali, ugcino lwamandla, imimiselo efanelekileyo, kunye nephulo loluntu ekuzinzeni ziyalukhawulezisa olu tshintsho. Olu lutshintsho olunzulu oluchaphazela uqoqosho, okusingqongileyo, kunye nombutho wezentlalo ngokwawo, kunye namandla okwenene okuguqula izixeko zethu, amashishini, kunye namakhaya kwiindawo ezizimeleyo nezinoxanduva lokulawula amandla.