Yintoni kanye kanye amanzi anzima? Ukuba uvile ngeli gama kodwa ungaqinisekanga ngobume bayo, eli nqaku lelakho. Kukho iiyantlukwano kumanzi aqhelekileyo (aziwa ngokuba ngamanzi alula) zombini kwiimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Ke ngoko, siza kukuxelela kweli nqaku yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne amanzi anzima, iimpawu zayo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni amanzi anzima okanye aqinileyo?
Izinto zekhemikhali zihlala zine-isotopi ezininzi, ezibonisa ukuba into enye ingabakho kwiifom ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kubume bayo bangaphakathi. Lo mcimbi ubonakaliswa yi-hydrogen efumaneka kumanzi anzima.
Xa kuqwalaselwa ubume bamanzi. imelwe njenge-H2O, sibhekisela, nokuba siyayiqonda okanye asiyiqondi, ukukhanyisa amanzi. Ngokuchasene noko, kukho imolekyuli enokwakheka okufanayo apho i-hydrogen ayithatyathelwa indawo yi-isotope yayo eqhelekileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yiprotium, kodwa nge-isotope enzima yento, ebizwa ngokuba yi-deuterium.
Luluphi ulwahlulo oluvela ekuguqulweni kwee-isotopes ze-hydrogen xa kuthelekiswa namanzi alula kunye namanzi anzima?
Umahluko phakathi kwamanzi anzima kunye namanzi alula
Naluphi na utshintsho olwenzeka kwinqanaba lemolekyuli kwinto, kubandakanywa namanzi, ivelisa utshintsho kwiimpawu zayo kunye neempawu. Ngoko ke, Ukufakwa kwe-deuterium kwi-H2O yamanzi anzima kuyahlula kumanzi alula.
Ukwahlula okubonwa kwinqanaba le-molecular kubonisa ukuba amanzi alula aqukethe iproton kwaye ayinayo i-neutron kwi-nucleus yayo, ngelixa amanzi anzima enziwe ngeproton kunye neutron eyongezelelweyo. Olu tshintsho phakathi kwee-isotopi ezimbini ze-hydrogen sisiseko sokuhlela i-deuterium njenge-isotope enzima.
Amanzi anzima anobunzima obuphezulu bemolekyuli xa kuthelekiswa namanzi alula. Ukongeza, inobuninzi obukhulu kunamanzi alula. Amanzi anzima nawo anenqanaba eliphezulu leasidi xa kuthelekiswa namanzi alula.
Ngaphandle kwalo mahluko ukhankanywe ngasentla kwizinto kunye neepropati, ukungafani phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi anzima kunye namanzi alula okanye aqhelekileyo akufanele kuhoywe. Enyanisweni, ukusela amanzi amaninzi anzima kunokubangela utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwe-biochemical emzimbeni.
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa amanzi anzima?
Umbuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi anzima uvela kubukho bawo buncinci kumanzi ompompo esiqhele ukuwasebenzisa.
Nangona ixabiso elincinci lingenako ukubeka ingozi enkulu, ukusela amanzi amaninzi anzima kunokubangela utshintsho lwamaselula, kubalelwa kubunzima obahlukeneyo beeathom zehydrogen xa kuthelekiswa namanzi alula.
Esinye seziphumo zokugqithiswa kwamanzi anzima kakhulu sisiyezi, esibangelwa kukuxinana kweenguqu ezibangela kulwelo lwendlebe yangaphakathi, ummandla ohlala i-balance organ.
Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba, nangona amanani amancinci engasoloko ebonisa iingxaki, ukhetho olukhethiweyo kukusebenzisa amanzi alula endaweni yamanzi anzima, ukukhangela amanzi ngobunyulu obukhulu. Noko ke, ngawaphi amanyathelo anokuthatyathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi aphuma etephuni esiwa kwiindawo zethu zokuhlala akanakungcola? Zeziphi iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ukususa ubumdaka kunye neentsimbi ezinzima emanzini?
Nangona kubonakaliswe ukuba ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwamanzi anzima kuyadingeka ukuze kubonakaliswe imiphumo eyingozi, umbuzo oqhubekayo uhlala: ndingaqinisekisa njani ukuba amanqanaba amanzi anzima akhoyo ekhayeni lam angaphakathi kwimida eyamkelekileyo?
Xa usebenzisa amanzi etephu, Thina ngokwendalo samkela nakuphi na ukungcola okunokwenzeka okanye izinto ezinobungozi ezinokuthi zibekho kukwakheka kwayo. Ngenxa yoko, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ompompo omgangatho ophezulu kunye nokucoceka kukufakelwa kwenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva.
Ezi nkqubo zokucoca zisebenzisa izihluzi ezenzelwe ukususa ungcoliseko olufana nekalika kunye neentsimbi ezinzima, ezithi, nangona zingabonakali kumanzi akumgangatho ophezulu, zinokuthi zibekho ngamaxesha athile kumanzi ompompo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi anzima
Sele sibonile ukuba amanzi anzima akanakutyiwa ngobuninzi. Nangona kunjalo, inenani elikhulu lokusetyenziswa kwintsimi yezoshishino. Makhe sibone ukusetyenziswa okuphawulekayo kwamanzi anzima:
- Izixhobo zenyukliya zisebenzisa amanzi anzima kakhulu njengemodareyitha kunye nesipholisi.. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yeereactors zamanzi anzima kukukwazi kwabo ukusebenzisa iuranium yendalo njengamafutha, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa inkqubo enexabiso eliphezulu yokutyebisa iuranium.
- Imifuniselo yokusasaza iNeutron: Kwimimandla yefiziksi kunye nebhayoloji, amanzi anzima adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimvavanyo zokusasaza i-neutron. Ngokubeka i-deuterium ye-athomu ye-hydrogen eqhelekileyo ngaphakathi kwekhompawundi, abaphandi banokumisela ubume kunye ne-dynamics yaloo khompawundi.
- I-Deuterium isotopic ilebhile isetyenziswa rhoqo kwi imifuniselo yebhayoloji yokulandelela ukufunxwa kunye neendlela zemetabolism zezinto ngaphakathi kweeseli okanye izinto eziphilayo. Kwintsimi yekhemistri, umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-deuterium ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi anzima kwi-NMR (i-nuclear magnetic resonance).
- I-Spectroscopy kunye ne-FTIR (Izine zokuguqula i-infrared spectroscopy), eququzelela uhlalutyo kunye nokutolika kwedatha ye-spectral.
- Ukuveliswa kweDeuterium: Umthombo oyintloko we-deuterium ngamanzi anzima, afumana izicelo kwiimeko zomkhosi (njengenxalenye yezixhobo zenyukliya), amacandelo oshishino (esebenza njenge-arhente yokumakisha kwintsimi yamachiza) kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi (ngokukodwa kuphando olunxulumene nesiphumo se-isotopic ).
Ngaba amanzi anzima ayingozi kwimpilo yakho?
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga neziphumo ezinobungozi empilweni yamanzi anzima. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba iathom enye kuzo zonke ezingama-7.000 zehydrogen yideuterium nokuba umzimba womntu wenziwe ngamanzi angama-75%, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele ube phakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-8 grams yamanzi anzima emithanjeni yakho.
Kulo manani akufanele kube yingozi, kuba ngoko siya kufa sonke. Into esiyaziyo kukuba ibhondi eyenziwe phakathi kwe-deuterium kunye neoksijini kwi-D2O inamandla ngandlel' ithile kune-bond kwi-H2O.
Siyazi kananjalo ukuba uninzi lweenkqubo zeekhemikhali ezisigcina siphila zifuna ukwahlulwa kwamanzi abe yihydrogen neoksijini. Ekubeni amandla amaninzi afunekayo ukuphula i-molecules ye-D2O, ezi nkqubo zinokucotha okanye ziyeke ngokupheleleyo, ngandlela-thile zisibulale.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni amanzi anzima kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo.