Imitha yelanga yenye yezinto ezenza ubomi eMhlabeni bubekho kwaye ikwangunobangela wotshintsho lwamandla lokwenyani. Yonke imihla ilanga lisinika amandla angenakuphela, enkulu kangangokuba, ngeeyure nje ezimbalwa, yayinokwanelisa wonke amandla esi sijikelezi-langa kangangonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba siyayazi indlela yokwenza uninzi lwalo mthombo kwaye zeziphi izicelo zangempela kunye namathuba okukhanya kwelanga kwintsimi yamandla avuselelekayo?
Kulo lonke eli nqaku siza kuhlalutya Yintoni kanye kanye imitha yelanga, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo, kunye nendlela enokuguqulwa ngayo ibe ngumbane okanye ubushushu kumakhaya, amashishini kunye namashishini.Ukongeza, uya kufunda ukuba ilinganiswa njani, ifuthe layo kwindalo esingqongileyo, eyona nto iluncedo, kunye nemida onokuthi uyithathele ingqalelo ukuze ufumane okuninzi kuyo kwindawo yakho.
Yintoni imitha yelanga? Inkcazo elula kunye nengcaciso.
Xa sithetha ngemitha yelanga sibhekisa kuyo kumandla akhutshwa liLanga ngendlela yemitha ye-electromagnetic radiation, ehamba emajukujukwini yaye, xa ifika eMhlabeni, inokufunxwa, ibonakale, okanye ibotshwe kusetyenziswa ubugcisa obahlukeneyo. La mandla anamandla asisiseko semithombo emininzi yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye akhoyo ngendlela yokukhanya nobushushu.
Enyanisweni, ukusasazeka kwemitha yelanga ngowona mthombo ubuninzi bamandla esiwafumana kumphezulu woMhlaba. Ngokutsho kwezifundo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ilanga likhupha amandla aneleyo ngosuku nje olunye ukuze lihlangabezane nemfuneko yehlabathi lonke unyaka wonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngeendlela ezifana ne-photovoltaic, i-thermal, kunye ne-passive yamandla elanga iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, iququzelela ukuguqulwa kwamandla ukuya kwiimodeli ezizinzileyo.
Iintlobo zemitha yelanga kunye nendlela ezifika ngayo eMhlabeni
Ayiyiyo yonke imitha yelanga efikelela kuthi iyafana. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela amandla elanga ayilandelayo ukufikelela kumphezulu woMhlaba.
- Imitha yelanga ethe ngqo: Yiyo evela ngqo eLangeni kwaye ifikelela phezulu ngaphandle kokuphambukiswa okanye ibonakaliswe yiyo nayiphi na into ye-atmospheric.
- Ukusasaza imitha yelanga: Kwenzeka xa imitha yelanga idlula kwiatmosfera ize isasazwe ngamasuntswana, amafu okanye iigesi ngaphambi kokuba ifike emhlabeni. Idla ngokuba ngaphantsi kodwa ikhona nangeentsuku ezinamafu.
- Imitha yehlabathi: Lisixa samandla angqalileyo kunye nasasazwayo, oko kukuthi, onke amandla elanga awela kwindawo ethe tye.
Ubungakanani kunye nodidi lwemitha yemitha efunyanwa ngummandla ixhomekeke kwimozulu, indawo yejografi kunye neempawu zokusingqongileyo.Ngesi sizathu, imimandla eneeyure ezininzi zokukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka, njenge-Andalusia, inamandla aphezulu okuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zamandla avuselelekayo ezisekwe kwimitha yelanga.
Indlela imitha yelanga ilinganiswa ngayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kufakelo lwelanga
Ukusetyenziswa ngokukuko kwamandla elanga kufuna ukwazi ngokuthe ngqo Ingakanani imitha yelanga efikelela kwindawo ethile kunye nendlela eyahluka ngayo yonke imini kunye nonyakaNgenxa yale njongo, kukho izixhobo ezithile kunye neendlela ezivumela ukulinganiswa koxinzelelo lwamandla elanga (echazwe kwi-W / m2 okanye kWh / m2).
- Iphiranomitha kunye nesolarimeter: Ezi zezona zixhobo ziphambili zokulinganisa ukusasazeka kwemitha yehlabathi kumphezulu. I-pyranometer ilinganisa i-radiation iyonke (ithe ngqo kwaye isasazeke), kwaye i-solarimeter inokubandakanya iteknoloji ye-thermal okanye ye-photovoltaic.
- IPyrheliometer: Esi sixhobo sisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kuphela imitha ethe ngqo efika ingajikwanga elangeni.
- Irekhoda yaseCampbell-Stokes: Isetyenziselwa ukurekhoda iiyure zokukhanya kwelanga okusebenzayo ngosuku, luncedo ngakumbi kwizifundo zemozulu kunye nezolimo.
Ezi datha zivumela ubungakanani obuchanekileyo bokufakelwa kwe-photovoltaic okanye i-thermal panel panel., qikelela imveliso yamandla, kwaye ukhethe eyona ndawo isebenzayo nengabizi kakhulu. Ii-arhente zemozulu zide ziqhube imilinganiselo yesathelayithi ukubonelela ngeemephu zelanga ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezamandla, into ebalulekileyo kwilizwe elinjengeSpain.
Zeziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswa imitha yelanga?
Imitha yelanga ine izicelo ngokubanzi njengoko ziyamangalisaNgombulelo kwinkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, namhlanje awusetyenziselwa ukwenza umbane kuphela, kodwa nakwi-air conditioning, izibane, izixhobo zemizi-mveliso, kunye neenkqubo zothutho.
Usetyenziso oluphambili lunokwahlulwa lube:
- Ukuveliswa kombane ngeepaneli ze-photovoltaic: Iimodyuli ze-Photovoltaic ziguqula amandla elanga abe ngumbane onokusetyenziswa kumakhaya, amashishini, okanye kwiifektri. Yeyona teknoloji isetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zombini ufakelo lweendawo zokuhlala kunye nezityalo ezinkulu zelanga.
- Amandla obushushu belanga: Ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise ubushushu belanga ukutshisa amanzi acocekileyo, amadama okuqubha, iinkqubo zokufudumeza, kunye nokuvelisa umphunga kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso.
- Ukusetyenziswa kancinci kwamandla elanga: Ngoyilo loyilo lwezakhiwo, ukuqhelaniswa nesakhiwo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithile, ubushushu belanga bunokuthinjwa, bugcinwe, kwaye busasazwe ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zoomatshini. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu kwi-insulating amakhaya kunye nokuphucula induduzo ngexabiso eliphantsi.
- Izicelo kwezolimo: Imitha yelanga ingundoqo ekudaleni i-microclimates, ii-greenhouses, kunye nokuphucula ukukhula kwezityalo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo.
- Ukukhanya kwendalo kwizakhiwo: Uyilo olwenza ukukhanya kwendalo kunciphise ukusetyenziswa kombane kunye nokukhuthaza indawo ephilileyo kunye nezinzileyo.
Ukuguquguquka kwemitha yelanga kuyenza ibe sisixhobo esisisiseko sokugcina amandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi., zombini ezinkulu nezincinci.
Uninzi lweenzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamandla elanga avela kwimitha
Amandla elanga yenye indlela engancedi nje kuphela imo engqongileyo, kodwa nayo ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nezobuchwepheshaPhakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo sinokugqamisa:
- Ngumthombo ohlaziyekayo nongenakuphela: Ungaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ithuba logama nje ilanga lisekhona, ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba liyaphela.
- Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womoya, ngokungavelisi iigesi eziyingozi okanye ukukhutshwa kwegreenhouse
- Ivumela ukuzimela kwamandla: Yehlisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha aphantsi komhlaba kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zombane
- Ifuna isondlo esincinci: Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic kunye ne-thermal zihlala ziqinile kwaye ukuhlolwa kwazo kulula.
- Ukhuthaza ukuzityela kunye nokwanelisekaNgokuzivelisela owakho umbane okanye ubushushu, unokonga kwityala lakho kwaye wonwabele uzinzo olukhulu lwezemali.
- Lukhetho lwezoqoqosho lwexesha elideNangona utyalo-mali lokuqala lunokuba luphezulu, ukonga kunye nekhefu lerhafu kwenza kube lukhetho olunenzuzo.
- Inceda ekudaleni imisebenzi kwaye ikhulise uqoqosho lwasekhaya, ngakumbi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni enesakhono esiphezulu selanga
Enkosi kwiinkuthazo ezininzi zoluntu kunye nophuculo lwetekhnoloji, Ukufikelela kumandla elanga kufikeleleka ngakumbi kuye wonke umntu befuna ukunciphisa iindleko zabo zamandla kunye negalelo ekuzinzeni.
Ukulinganiselwa kunye nokungonakali kwamandla elanga
Nangona iinzuzo zicacile, Kukho imida ethile ebalulekileyo ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokutyala imali kwimveliso yelanga.Ezinye zezona zithintelo ziphambili ziquka:
- Utyalo-mali lokuqala oluphezulu: Ukufakela iipaneli zelanga, abaqokeleli be-thermal, okanye iinkqubo ze-hybridi zingabiza ekuqaleni, nangona zinokuthi zibuyiswe ngokusetyenziswa kunye nenkxaso.
- Ukuxhomekeka kwimozulu: Ngeentsuku ezinamafu okanye kwiindawo ezineeyure ezimbalwa zokukhanya kwelanga, imveliso iyehla. Oku kufuna ukulinganisa ngononophelo kweenkqubo okanye ukuzixhobisa ngeebhetri zokugcina.
- Ifuna indawo eyaneleyo: Ufakelo lwasekhaya okanye lweshishini, uphahla olufanelekileyo okanye iindawo ezibekwe elangeni ziyafuneka.
- Imveliso eguquguqukayo yonke imini: I-radiation ayitshintshi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukugcinwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwigridi.
- Impembelelo ethile yokusingqongileyo: Ukuveliswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kweepaneli zelanga kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokuthi zingcolise kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, nangona kuncinci kakhulu kunamafutha e-fossil.
Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba Uninzi lwezi zinto zingalunganga ziyathotywa enkosi kwinguqulelo yobugcisa kunye nenkxaso yeziko ngoncedo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ehlaziyekayo.
Iindlela zokuguqula imitha yelanga ibe ngamandla asebenzisekayo
Guqula imitha yelanga ibe ngumbane okanye ubushushu Yinkqubo eyandayo, kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuyenza:
- Photovoltaic: Ukusebenzisa iiphaneli eziqulethe iiseli ze-semiconductor, iifotoni ezibetha ii-electron zokukhulula umphezulu, zivelisa umbane osebenzayo.
- Thermal: Kunye nabaqokeleli ababamba ubushushu belanga kwaye bayidlulisele kulwelo lweenkqubo zokufudumeza, ukufudumeza ichibi, okanye izicelo zoshishino.
- Ilanga lelanga: Ngoyilo lolwakhiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bemathiriyeli ukugcina okanye ukugquma ubushushu, ukunciphisa imfuno yokufudumeza okanye i-air conditioning.
- Umhlanganiselwa: Ukudibanisa ubugcisa belanga kunye neminye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo (efana nomoya okanye i-biomass) ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle okanye ukuqinisekisa unikezelo oluzinzile ngakumbi.
Nakwizothutho, imitha yelanga iqalisa ukwenza uphawu, ukusuka ekutshajisweni kwezithuthi zombane kusetyenziswa iiphaneli ukuya kwimifuniselo kwizikhephe nakwiikharavani. Ukuhlanganiswa kweepaneli zelanga kwizakhiwo ezihlakaniphile kunye nezixeko yenye yezona zinto zithembisayo kwixesha elizayo..
Iindidi zamandla elanga: i-photovoltaic, i-thermal, i-passive kunye ne-hybrid
Amandla elanga anokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ngokwendlela yokusetyenziswa:
- I-Solar photovoltaic: Ibamba ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye iguqule ngokuthe ngqo kumbane. Yeyona ntlobo ixhaphakileyo kwaye igqame ngokumodareyitha kwayo kunye nokulula kofakelo, kokubini kuphahla oluncinci kunye nakwizityalo ezinkulu zelanga.
- Ubushushu belanga: Isebenzisa abaqokeleli ukufudumeza ulwelo olunokuthi, emva koko, luvelise ukufudumeza, amanzi ashushu, okanye umbane ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zoxinaniso.
- Ilanga lelanga: Ayifuni izixhobo zombane. Ixhasa uyilo loyilo kunye nokuqhelaniswa kobuchule ukusebenzisa ubushushu nokukhanya kwelanga.
- I-Hybrid Solar: Idibanisa ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu iindlela zokuvelisa (ikakhulukazi i-thermal kunye ne-photovoltaic), usebenzisa iipaneli ezixubileyo eziphucula zombini imveliso yombane kunye ne-thermal.
Ukwahluka kwezicelo kwenza Amandla elanga ayakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nazo zonke iindidi zeemeko kunye neemfuno, ukusuka kumakhaya aqeleleneyo nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ukuya kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso okanye uthungelwano lwedolophu.
Uyilo kunye nendawo ichaphazela njani ukusebenza kwelanga?
Enye yeemfihlelo a ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemitha yelanga ilele kuyilo kunye nendawo yezibonelelo. Imiba ephambili emayiqwalaselwe zezi:
- Ukuma kunye nokuthambekela kweepaneli zelanga: Kufuneka zibekwe ukuze zifumane ukuvezwa okuphezulu kwimitha (jikelele kumzantsi kwihemisphere esemantla).
- Isalathiso semitha yelanga yendawo: Ummandla ngamnye unomthombo owahlukileyo welanga. Ukubonisana neemephu kunye nemilinganiselo kubalulekile ngaphambi kokufaka isixokelelwano selanga.
- Izithunzi kunye nemiqobo: Imithi, izakhiwo ezikufutshane, okanye iimpawu zejografi zinokunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza.
Ucwangciso olulungileyo lwenza kube lula ukonga, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nobomi bofakelo lwakho lwelanga, ukuzuza imbuyekezo enomtsalane ngakumbi kutyalo-mali.
Zeziphi ezona zinto zisetyenziswayo ngamandla elanga avela kwimitha yelanga?
Namhlanje, Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga ahlukeneyo kangangokuba ayingxenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.Phakathi kokusetyenziswa rhoqo sigxininisa:
- Emakhayeni: Ubonelelo lwamandla, umoya womoya, ukufudumeza amanzi, ukutshaja isithuthi sombane, kunye nokudalwa kweendawo ezitofotofo.
- Kumashishini nakwiivenkile: Ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla, ukuphuculwa kozinzo, ukubonelela kwiindawo ngaphandle kokufikelela kwigridi eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuzimela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso.
- Kwezolimo: Ukulungiswa kwezityalo, ukudala i-microclimate, ukuzenzekelayo kweenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, kunye nokufudumala kwe-greenhouse.
- Ngezothutho: Ukutshaja iimoto zombane, iiveni, iikharavani, kunye nezikhephe kusetyenziswa ufakelo oluhambayo okanye olusisigxina lwelanga.
- Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nakwiindawo ezikwanti: Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezisisiseko ezifana nombane, amanzi ashushu, okanye ukupholisa apho kungekho gridi yombane.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo: iinzuzo kunye neengozi zamandla elanga
Amandla elanga yenye yezona ndlela zicocekileyo zokuvelisa amandla, kodwa ayikhululwa kwezinye iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ekufanele ukuba zazi:
- Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nelahleko yendawo yokuhlala: Izityalo ezinkulu zelanga zinokufuna iindawo ezinkulu, kunye nefuthe lesiphumo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Kufakelo oluncinci, ifuthe liyi-zero.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwizityalo ezishushu: Ukupholisa amaziko amakhulu ombane obushushu belanga anokuba ngamandla amanzi ukuba akusetyenziswa ubugcisa obusebenzayo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma: Ezinye iintlobo zeepaneli ze-photovoltaic zisebenzisa izinto ezinokuthi, ukuba azilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ekupheleni kobomi babo obuncedo, zinokulimaza indalo.
- Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingathanga ngqo: Ngelixa kungekho kukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha lokusebenza, ukuvelisa, ukuthutha, kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe igesi kunokuvelisa ezinye iigesi, nangona ziphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo yamandla eqhelekileyo.
Imbali kunye nendaleko yokusetyenziswa kwemisebe yelanga
Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, uluntu luye lwafuna iindlela zokusebenzisa amandla avela kuthi avela elangeniKwaseGrisi, izithandi zobulumko ezinjengoPlato noAristotle zachaza ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya kwelanga kubushushu nakwizithuba zomoya. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, izazinzulu ezifana noAnaxagoras, uJohn Herschel, uAuguste Mouchot, noCharles Fritts baba negalelo kwizinto eziqanjiweyo kunye nokufumanisa kwabo, okukhokelela ekudalweni kweseli yokuqala ye-photovoltaic ngenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nophuhliso lwephaneli yokuqala yorhwebo yelanga kwi-1950s.
Ukunyuka kwamandla elanga bekungenakunqandwa, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, apho ukuphuculwa komsebenzi, iindleko ezincitshisiweyo, kunye nokwazisa ngokusingqongileyo kuye kwenza ukuba kube yinto ephambili kwixesha elitsha lamandla.
Imitha yelanga iyaqhubeka ukuzibeka njengomnye wemicelimngeni emikhulu yekamva lamandla acocekileyo, afikelelekayo, kunye nozinzileyo. Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga akuyona nje indlela esebenzayo yokugcina imali kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo, kodwa kunye nendlela yokufikelela ukuzimela okukhulu, ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso kuzo zonke iindidi zendawo. Ngokuqhubeka nokwenziwa izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ukusasazeka kwemitha yelanga kuya kuba ngumhlobo obalulekileyo kutshintsho olusingise kuqoqosho olungcono kunye noluntu.
