Imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo: into eyiyo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kushishino lwehlabathi
Ekupheleni kukaJuni, abaphathiswa bezoqoqosho baseJamani, eFransi nase-Italiya bafikelela kwisivumelwano esibalulekileyo sokuqinisa intsebenziswano yabo kulawulo lwezixhobo ezibalulekileyo. Esi sivumelwano sijonge ukujongana nemingeni ebangelwa kukubonelelwa kwe imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lezoshishino. Izizwe ezintathu zikhuthaza isisombululo esikhawulezayo seengxoxo malunga noMthetho oyiSiseko weMpahla yeMpahla kwi-European Union kunye nokuphunyezwa iinjongo zomntu ngamnye ukukhutshwa, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ezi mathiriyeli.
Olu hlobo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi uqoqosho lwangoku, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ziphi, zeziphi ezona ziphambili kunye Zinayiphi impembelelo namhlanje?. Kweli nqaku sikuxelela yonke into.
Zeziphi imathiriyeli ekrwada ezibalulekileyo?
Imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo zizixhobo zendalo ezibalulekileyo ezidlala indima ephambili iteknoloji kunye neshishini ishishini. Izinto ezifana neeminerali, isinyithi kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo zibalulekile ekudalweni kweemveliso eziphambili ezifana nezixhobo zombane, izithuthi zombane, iipaneli zelanga okanye ii-injini zomoya. Oku kuquka iintsimbi ezifana cobalt nezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezifana neodymium, isitshixo ekwenziweni kweemagnethi ezinamandla kubuchwepheshe bamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Igama elithi "ukugxeka" lithatyathwe kwizinto ezimbini eziphambili: i Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho yale miba kunye ne ubuthathaka kunikezelo lwakho. Ukunqongophala kwayo, kunye nokuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kumazwe ambalwa athumela ngaphandle, kuthetha ukuba unikezelo lwayo luhlala lusongelwa yimiba ye-geopolitical kunye nemo engqongileyo, enokuba nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Indima yaseTshayina kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezikrwada
I-China ilawula inxalenye ebalulekileyo yobonelelo lwehlabathi lwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekrwada, ngakumbi xa kufikwa imihlaba enqabileyo ezifana ne-dysprosium kunye neodymium. Esi sikhundla silawulwa sisigebenga sase-Asiya sibangele inkxalabo kwiimarike zehlabathi, kuba nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka ekuboneleleni kunokuchaphazela amashishini onke. Umzekelo, izinto ezifana I-lithium, i gallium kunye i-tungsten, ibalulekile kwiibhetri kunye nezixhobo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimveliso zaseTshayina.
Ukusabela kule meko, iManyano yaseYurophu iye yasungula amanyathelo okunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo eTshayina, ikhuthaza ukutsalwa kunye nokutsalwa. ukusetyenzwa kwendawo, kunye nokurisayikilishwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo ezikrwada. Injongo kukudala ikhonkco lobonelelo oluninzi ukomelela ngaphakathi kweYurophu eqinisekisa uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kwaye ivumela inkqubela phambili kwinguqu eya kwi-decarbonization.
Imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kwiManyano yaseYurophu
Ngelixa i-oyile negesi ngokwembali bezizizinto ezibalulekileyo, Utshintsho lwamandla kubuchwepheshe obucociweyo buphakamise ukubaluleka kwemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo. Ngo-2020, ikhomishini yaseYurophu ibandakanye ngokusesikweni Izinto ezi-30 kuluhlu lwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekrwada, eliphinda kathathu inani ukususela ngo-2011.
Ikhokelwa ziziqalelo ezifana I-lithium kunye Grafayithi, ezi zixhobo zibalulekile ekudalweni kweebhetri kunye neenqwelo zombane, kwaye ukufumaneka kwazo kuya kuba ngundoqo ekuhlangabezaneni neenjongo zokukhutshwa kwe-net-zero kuwo wonke ummandla. IKhomishini yaseYurophu iye yaqalisa ukubonisana noluntu kwi-European Critical Raw Materials Law, ejolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhutshwa okunoxanduva ngaphakathi kwe-EU kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokunikezelwa.
Ukuxhomekeka kunye nemingeni ye-geopolitical
Ukongamela kweTshayina ayikuphela kocelomngeni olujongene neYurophu. Amanye amazwe aphambili avelisayo, anje Republic of Democratic Republic of Congo (egcina owona vimba mkhulu we cobalt ihlabathi) kunye neRashiya, nazo zidlala indima enkulu kwi unikezelo lwehlabathi wemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo.
Imfuno ekhulayo yokufakelwa kombane kunye ne-decarbonization ikhokelela ekubeni a ugqatso lwehlabathi phakathi koqoqosho olunamandla ukukhusela inxalenye yobonelelo lwezi zixhobo. Nangona amanye amazwe aseYurophu, ngakumbi iSpain, enobungqina bediphozithi yezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, uninzi lwazo aluxhatshazwa ngenxa inkcaso ekuhlaleni kunye nobungozi bokusingqongileyo obubandakanyeka emigodini. Oku kunqongophala kokuxhaphaza kongeza kwiinkxalabo malunga nobonelelo lwexesha elizayo.
Iimathiriyeli zeqhinga lobuchule kunye neLatin America
ILatin America ibalasele kakhulu kwi ukuveliswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada, ngakumbi i-lithium. Lo mmandla ulikhaya labantu abadumileyo unxantathu we-lithium (ephakathi kweChile, iBolivia kunye neArgentina), emele ngaphezu I-75% yoovimba behlabathi yale minerali. Kulo mxholo, indima yeLatin America ekuboneleleni ngehlabathi ibalulekile Utshintsho lwamandla.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhatshazwa kobu butyebi kubangela imingeni yentlalo nendalo esingqongileyo ebalulekileyo. Amazwe afana nePeru kunye neChile angundoqo kwimveliso yobhedu, enye into ebalulekileyo ekufakeni umbane. Kodwa ukungabikho kophando kunye nophuhliso kuninzi lwala mazwe luphawu oluxhalabisayo, ekubeni ukuxhaphazwa ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo akuyi kuba negalelo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo loqoqosho lwasekhaya.
Ukusekwa okunokwenzeka kweOPEM: Ngaba amazwe atyebile ngezimbiwa aya kumanyana?
Umba oye wavela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba a Umbutho wamazwe aThumela iNsimbi ngaphandle (OPEM), ifana ne-OPEC yeoli ekrwada. Amazwe afana neTshayina, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, i-Australia kunye noMzantsi Afrika angenza i-bloc eya kulawula ukuhanjiswa iintsimbi ezibalulekileyo, ukwenza imali kwimfuno yehlabathi.
Ngelixa oku kunokuzinzisa amaxabiso kumazwe avelisayo, iziphumo zokurhweba kumazwe angaphandle ziya kuba zimbi kakhulu. IYurophu, iJapan, uMzantsi Korea kunye noqoqosho oluphuhlileyo luza kujongana neendleko ezinyukayo kunye nokuphazamiseka kumakhonkco abo okubonelela. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nendlela abafanele ukulawula ngayo ubudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye nala mazwe atyebile ngezimbiwa ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-cartel enokwenzeka.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nobulungisa behlabathi
Ukunyuka kwemfuno yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo akuqhubeki nje inguqu yamandla ehlabathi, kodwa kukwadala Uxinzelelo olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili kokusingqongileyo kunye nentlalontle kumazwe avelisayo. Ukukhutshwa kweeminerali ezifana ne-cobalt, i-lithium kunye ne-nickel ithwala iindleko eziphezulu zokusingqongileyo, ukusuka kwi- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu ukungcoliseka kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimeko ezimbi zokusebenza kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwimimandla efana neDemocratic Republic of the Congo isikhumbuzo esothusayo sokuchasana kwelizwe. Utshintsho lwamandla. Umceli mngeni kumazwe aphuhlileyo iya kuba kukufumana ulungelelwaniso phakathi imigodi ezinzileyo, ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nokutshintshwa kwamandla.
La imigodi yasezidolophini yenye indlela eya isanda eYurophu, ngokufunyanwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwizixhobo zombane ezilahliweyo. Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona, kudityaniswe nokwembiwa kwemigodi yasezidolophini, kunokunciphisa utsalo olungundoqo kwaye kuthomalalise uxinzelelo kumazwe avelisayo, ngeli lixa usiya kuqoqosho olujikeleza ngakumbi.
Akungabazeki ukuba ukubaluleka kwezinto ezibalulekileyo eziluhlaza kuya kuqhubeka nokukhula kwiminyaka ezayo, kwaye izigqibo ezenziwa ngamazwe namhlanje ziya kugqiba impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenguqu yamandla yehlabathi.