El amalahle kunye amandla enyukliya Zimbini iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvelisa umbane. Nangona zihlala zibonwa njengezichasi, zombini zabelana ngokufana kwimiba ethile ephambili, kodwa kwakhona ziye zaphawula umahluko kwimpembelelo yazo yokusingqongileyo, iteknoloji kunye nokhuseleko. Eli nqaku liphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ezi zifana kunye nomahluko, kunye nendima yazo kwi-matrix yamandla ehlabathi.
Ukufana phakathi kwamalahle kunye namandla enyukliya
Njengoko yena amalahle njenge amandla enyukliya Zisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kombane ngee turbines. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, injongo kukuvelisa ubushushu ukuvelisa umphunga, eqhuba iiinjini zokuvelisa umbane. Nangona ukungafani kwamafutha, inkqubo esisiseko yokuguqula ukushisa kumbane iyafana.
Zombini ezi teknoloji ngokwembali zazibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umbane othe rhoqo. I izityalo zamalahle, ngenxa yobuninzi bobutyebi, kunye ne izityalo zamandla enyukliya, ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphantsi zokusebenza xa sele zakhiwe, banikezela ngesiseko sokuvelisa amandla, okukwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo.
Umahluko osisiseko ekwenziweni kwamandla
Umahluko ophambili yindlela apho amandla ashushu afunyanwa ngayo. I izityalo zamalahle ukutshisa amalahle ukuvelisa ubushushu, ngelixa izityalo zamandla enyukliya Basebenzisa i-fission yeuranium okanye iiathom zeplutonium.
Amandla enyukliya aziwa ngokuba ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi, ngoxa amalahle engowona mthombo wamandla ungcolisa. I izityalo zamalahle Zikhupha i-carbon dioxide eninzi (CO2), kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-nitrogen oxide (NOx) kunye ne-sulphur dioxide (SO2). Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi IAEA, amalahle aphuma malunga 820 gCO2/kWh, phambi kokuphela 12 gCO2/kWh evelisa amandla enyukliya.
Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kunye nenkunkuma
Umba obuthathaka kulawulo lwenkunkuma. Nangona amalahle evelisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, ikwavelisa isixa esikhulu se Uthuthu oluyityhefu eziqulathe iintsimbi ezinzima, ezifana nemercury kunye nelothe, ezingcolisa umhlaba kunye nemizimba yamanzi. Kwelabo icala, amaziko avelisa amandla enyukliya inkunkuma eqhumayo imisebenzi ephezulu, ephakathi kunye nephantsi, ekufuneka ilawulwe ngononophelo kujongwa amandla ayo okunetyhefu exesha elide.
Omnye isikhululo samandla senyukliya Isityalo se-1000 MWe sivelisa malunga neetoni ezingama-35 zenkunkuma ekumgangatho ophezulu ngonyaka, ngelixa isityalo samalahle sivelisa amawaka eetoni zenkunkuma eqinileyo, ngokutsho I-Arhente yaMandla eAthom yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IAEA). Nangona ulawulo olungqongqo lwenkunkuma yenyukliya, uloyiko lukawonke-wonke lwenkunkuma eqhumayo lusengowona mngeni mkhulu wokusingqongileyo kobu bugcisa.
Ukhuseleko kunye nemingcipheko
La khu seleko ngomnye umba obalulekileyo xa uthelekisa le mithombo mibini yamandla. I izityalo zamalahle Zikhuselekile ngokobuchwepheshe xa zithelekiswa nenyukliya kuba azibonakalisi ingozi efanayo yeengozi eziyingozi. Nangona inkqubela yeteknoloji yenyukliya, iziganeko ezifana EChernobyl y Fukushima qaqambisa iingozi ezinokubakho ezayanyaniswa nokusilela ekusebenzeni kwemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya.
Kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kubeka imingcipheko kwimpilo yoluntu ngenxa ye ukumoshwa komoya. Ngoku ka WHO, ungcoliso olubangelwa kukutshiswa kwamafutha efosili kubangela ukuba izigidi zabantu zife ngaphambi kwexesha nyaka ngamnye. Ngale ndlela, amandla enyukliya, nangona imingcipheko enokubakho, ane- izinga lokusweleka isezantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namalahle.
Ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho kunye neendleko
Ekuqaleni, yakha a umzi-mveliso wamandla enyukliya Ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kuneplanti yamalahle. Umzekelo, iziko lenyukliya laseHinkley Point C eUnited Kingdom linexabiso eliqikelelwayo 30.000 iidola ezigidi, ngelixa izityalo zamalahle zidla ngokufikeleleka ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, i-advanteji yenyukliya ixhomekeke kwiindleko zokusebenza zexesha elide, eziphantsi ngokubanzi kunezo zemizi-mveliso yamalahle, apho isibaso kunye nokugcinwa kumela inxalenye enkulu yeendleko.
El ixabiso elilinganayo lombane (LCOE) yamandla enyukliya kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuhla kwiminyaka ezayo, iyenza ibe ngumthombo okhuphisanayo wamandla ekhabhoni ephantsi, ngokweengxelo ezivela OECD.
Ngamafutshane, amandla amalahle kunye nenyukliya ziintsika ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kwicandelo lamandla, kodwa zineempawu ezahlukileyo kakhulu ngokwempembelelo yazo, ukhuseleko kunye neendleko. Zombini zineenzuzo nezingalunganga, kodwa ngokokuzinza, amandla enyukliya avela njengokhetho olulungele ngakumbi kwikamva lamandla, ngakumbi ukuba iinzame zijolise ekuphuculeni ulawulo lwenkunkuma kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko yokusebenza.